Mechanics of the Kalabagh Fault, northwest Himalayan fold and thrust belt (convergence zone of India and Eurasia), using SAR interferometry and CFS
The Kalabagh strike–slip fault, which is characterized by right-lateral movement, is part of the northwestern Himalayan foreland fold and thrust belt in Pakistan. This structure marks the western and eastern terminations of the Salt Range and Surghar Ranges, respectively. No significant (>M6)...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Earth Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2023.1231408/full |
| _version_ | 1797756386474459136 |
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| author | Waqar Ali Zafar Waqar Ali Zafar Farhan Javed Rizwan Ahmed Muhsan Ehsan Kamal Abdelrahman Mohammed S. Fnais Mansoor Aziz Qureshi |
| author_facet | Waqar Ali Zafar Waqar Ali Zafar Farhan Javed Rizwan Ahmed Muhsan Ehsan Kamal Abdelrahman Mohammed S. Fnais Mansoor Aziz Qureshi |
| author_sort | Waqar Ali Zafar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Kalabagh strike–slip fault, which is characterized by right-lateral movement, is part of the northwestern Himalayan foreland fold and thrust belt in Pakistan. This structure marks the western and eastern terminations of the Salt Range and Surghar Ranges, respectively. No significant (>M6) earthquakes have been reported along the Kalabagh Fault in recent decades. Here, we take advantage of space-borne Sentinel-1A SAR interferometry to gain insight into the mechanics of faulting, aseismic creeping, and stress loading of the seismic cycle on the Kalabagh Fault spanning over approximately 7 years. In this study, we also removed the tropospheric effects using the Generic Atmospheric Correction Online Service data from the rate map. We further resolved the LOS deformation into both horizontal and vertical deformations. Our Bayesian inversion indicates that the fault experiences significant horizontal and vertical displacements. The fault’s southern and northern segments exhibit a creeping rate of approximately ∼4.2 ± 1.3 to 4.8 ± 1.6 mm/year, respectively, while the central section does not display any horizontal creeping. We found that the creeping is confined between 0 and ∼2.7 ± 1.1 km depth at the northern section and 0 and ∼3.9 ± 1.1 km on the southern section of the faults. Nevertheless, we found that the vertical creeping of ∼10 mm/year is confined between 0.5 and 6 km depth in the central segment of the fault. Moreover, our model does not resolve the interseismic slip at depth on the Kalabagh Fault. Our results affirm that Kalabagh Fault is creeping, and the internal deformation due to the presence of a thick salt layer over the decollement facilitates the creeping on this fault. In addition, Coulomb stress modeling depicts that the creeping on the Kalabagh Fault increases the Coulomb stress changes in the northern section of the KBF. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T17:59:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-aa9fb0af3d3145b4a52f3407f865e732 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-6463 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T17:59:44Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Earth Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-aa9fb0af3d3145b4a52f3407f865e7322023-08-02T13:09:16ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Earth Science2296-64632023-08-011110.3389/feart.2023.12314081231408Mechanics of the Kalabagh Fault, northwest Himalayan fold and thrust belt (convergence zone of India and Eurasia), using SAR interferometry and CFSWaqar Ali Zafar0Waqar Ali Zafar1Farhan Javed2Rizwan Ahmed3Muhsan Ehsan4Kamal Abdelrahman5Mohammed S. Fnais6Mansoor Aziz Qureshi7Department of Nuclear Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, PakistanCentre for Earthquake Studies, National Center for Physics, Islamabad, PakistanCentre for Earthquake Studies, National Center for Physics, Islamabad, PakistanDepartment of Nuclear Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, PakistanDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bahria University, Islamabad, PakistanDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaGeology Department, Lund University, Lund, SwedenThe Kalabagh strike–slip fault, which is characterized by right-lateral movement, is part of the northwestern Himalayan foreland fold and thrust belt in Pakistan. This structure marks the western and eastern terminations of the Salt Range and Surghar Ranges, respectively. No significant (>M6) earthquakes have been reported along the Kalabagh Fault in recent decades. Here, we take advantage of space-borne Sentinel-1A SAR interferometry to gain insight into the mechanics of faulting, aseismic creeping, and stress loading of the seismic cycle on the Kalabagh Fault spanning over approximately 7 years. In this study, we also removed the tropospheric effects using the Generic Atmospheric Correction Online Service data from the rate map. We further resolved the LOS deformation into both horizontal and vertical deformations. Our Bayesian inversion indicates that the fault experiences significant horizontal and vertical displacements. The fault’s southern and northern segments exhibit a creeping rate of approximately ∼4.2 ± 1.3 to 4.8 ± 1.6 mm/year, respectively, while the central section does not display any horizontal creeping. We found that the creeping is confined between 0 and ∼2.7 ± 1.1 km depth at the northern section and 0 and ∼3.9 ± 1.1 km on the southern section of the faults. Nevertheless, we found that the vertical creeping of ∼10 mm/year is confined between 0.5 and 6 km depth in the central segment of the fault. Moreover, our model does not resolve the interseismic slip at depth on the Kalabagh Fault. Our results affirm that Kalabagh Fault is creeping, and the internal deformation due to the presence of a thick salt layer over the decollement facilitates the creeping on this fault. In addition, Coulomb stress modeling depicts that the creeping on the Kalabagh Fault increases the Coulomb stress changes in the northern section of the KBF.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2023.1231408/fullSAR interferometrycreepinginversionCoulomb stressstrike–slip fault |
| spellingShingle | Waqar Ali Zafar Waqar Ali Zafar Farhan Javed Rizwan Ahmed Muhsan Ehsan Kamal Abdelrahman Mohammed S. Fnais Mansoor Aziz Qureshi Mechanics of the Kalabagh Fault, northwest Himalayan fold and thrust belt (convergence zone of India and Eurasia), using SAR interferometry and CFS Frontiers in Earth Science SAR interferometry creeping inversion Coulomb stress strike–slip fault |
| title | Mechanics of the Kalabagh Fault, northwest Himalayan fold and thrust belt (convergence zone of India and Eurasia), using SAR interferometry and CFS |
| title_full | Mechanics of the Kalabagh Fault, northwest Himalayan fold and thrust belt (convergence zone of India and Eurasia), using SAR interferometry and CFS |
| title_fullStr | Mechanics of the Kalabagh Fault, northwest Himalayan fold and thrust belt (convergence zone of India and Eurasia), using SAR interferometry and CFS |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mechanics of the Kalabagh Fault, northwest Himalayan fold and thrust belt (convergence zone of India and Eurasia), using SAR interferometry and CFS |
| title_short | Mechanics of the Kalabagh Fault, northwest Himalayan fold and thrust belt (convergence zone of India and Eurasia), using SAR interferometry and CFS |
| title_sort | mechanics of the kalabagh fault northwest himalayan fold and thrust belt convergence zone of india and eurasia using sar interferometry and cfs |
| topic | SAR interferometry creeping inversion Coulomb stress strike–slip fault |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2023.1231408/full |
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