Predicting Forage Quality of Warm-Season Legumes by Near Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Machine Learning Techniques
Warm-season legumes have been receiving increased attention as forage resources in the southern United States and other countries. However, the near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique has not been widely explored for predicting the forage quality of many of these legumes. The objective of this r...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2020-02-01
|
| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/3/867 |
| _version_ | 1811304382542643200 |
|---|---|
| author | Gurjinder S. Baath Harpinder K. Baath Prasanna H. Gowda Johnson P. Thomas Brian K. Northup Srinivas C. Rao Hardeep Singh |
| author_facet | Gurjinder S. Baath Harpinder K. Baath Prasanna H. Gowda Johnson P. Thomas Brian K. Northup Srinivas C. Rao Hardeep Singh |
| author_sort | Gurjinder S. Baath |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Warm-season legumes have been receiving increased attention as forage resources in the southern United States and other countries. However, the near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique has not been widely explored for predicting the forage quality of many of these legumes. The objective of this research was to assess the performance of NIRS in predicting the forage quality parameters of five warm-season legumes—guar (<i>Cyamopsis tetragonoloba</i>), tepary bean (<i>Phaseolus acutifolius</i>), pigeon pea (<i>Cajanus cajan</i>), soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>), and mothbean (<i>Vigna aconitifolia</i>)—using three machine learning techniques: partial least square (PLS), support vector machine (SVM), and Gaussian processes (GP). Additionally, the efficacy of global models in predicting forage quality was investigated. A set of 70 forage samples was used to develop species-based models for concentrations of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of guar and tepary bean forages, and CP and IVTD in pigeon pea and soybean. All species-based models were tested through 10-fold cross-validations, followed by external validations using 20 samples of each species. The global models for CP and IVTD of warm-season legumes were developed using a set of 150 random samples, including 30 samples for each of the five species. The global models were tested through 10-fold cross-validation, and external validation using five individual sets of 20 samples each for different legume species. Among techniques, PLS consistently performed best at calibrating (R<sup>2</sup><i><sub>c</sub></i> = 0.94−0.98) all forage quality parameters in both species-based and global models. The SVM provided the most accurate predictions for guar and soybean crops, and global models, and both SVM and PLS performed better for tepary bean and pigeon pea forages. The global modeling approach that developed a single model for all five crops yielded sufficient accuracy (R<sup>2</sup><i><sub>cv</sub></i>/R<sup>2</sup><i><sub>v</sub></i> = 0.92−0.99) in predicting CP of the different legumes. However, the accuracy of predictions of in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) for the different legumes was variable (R<sup>2</sup><i><sub>cv</sub></i>/R<sup>2</sup><i><sub>v</sub></i> = 0.42−0.98). Machine learning algorithms like SVM could help develop robust NIRS-based models for predicting forage quality with a relatively small number of samples, and thus needs further attention in different NIRS based applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T08:04:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-aaba053b84724aa5b95501d049ae08eb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T08:04:56Z |
| publishDate | 2020-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-aaba053b84724aa5b95501d049ae08eb2022-12-22T02:55:10ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202020-02-0120386710.3390/s20030867s20030867Predicting Forage Quality of Warm-Season Legumes by Near Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Machine Learning TechniquesGurjinder S. Baath0Harpinder K. Baath1Prasanna H. Gowda2Johnson P. Thomas3Brian K. Northup4Srinivas C. Rao5Hardeep Singh6Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 371 Agricultural Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USADepartment of Computer Science, Oklahoma State University, 219 MSCS, Stillwater, OK 74078, USAUSDA-ARS, Southeast Area Branch, 114 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USADepartment of Computer Science, Oklahoma State University, 219 MSCS, Stillwater, OK 74078, USAUSDA-ARS, Grazinglands Research Laboratory, 7207 W. Cheyenne St., El Reno, OK 73036, USAUSDA-ARS, Grazinglands Research Laboratory, 7207 W. Cheyenne St., El Reno, OK 73036, USADepartment of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 371 Agricultural Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USAWarm-season legumes have been receiving increased attention as forage resources in the southern United States and other countries. However, the near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique has not been widely explored for predicting the forage quality of many of these legumes. The objective of this research was to assess the performance of NIRS in predicting the forage quality parameters of five warm-season legumes—guar (<i>Cyamopsis tetragonoloba</i>), tepary bean (<i>Phaseolus acutifolius</i>), pigeon pea (<i>Cajanus cajan</i>), soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>), and mothbean (<i>Vigna aconitifolia</i>)—using three machine learning techniques: partial least square (PLS), support vector machine (SVM), and Gaussian processes (GP). Additionally, the efficacy of global models in predicting forage quality was investigated. A set of 70 forage samples was used to develop species-based models for concentrations of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of guar and tepary bean forages, and CP and IVTD in pigeon pea and soybean. All species-based models were tested through 10-fold cross-validations, followed by external validations using 20 samples of each species. The global models for CP and IVTD of warm-season legumes were developed using a set of 150 random samples, including 30 samples for each of the five species. The global models were tested through 10-fold cross-validation, and external validation using five individual sets of 20 samples each for different legume species. Among techniques, PLS consistently performed best at calibrating (R<sup>2</sup><i><sub>c</sub></i> = 0.94−0.98) all forage quality parameters in both species-based and global models. The SVM provided the most accurate predictions for guar and soybean crops, and global models, and both SVM and PLS performed better for tepary bean and pigeon pea forages. The global modeling approach that developed a single model for all five crops yielded sufficient accuracy (R<sup>2</sup><i><sub>cv</sub></i>/R<sup>2</sup><i><sub>v</sub></i> = 0.92−0.99) in predicting CP of the different legumes. However, the accuracy of predictions of in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) for the different legumes was variable (R<sup>2</sup><i><sub>cv</sub></i>/R<sup>2</sup><i><sub>v</sub></i> = 0.42−0.98). Machine learning algorithms like SVM could help develop robust NIRS-based models for predicting forage quality with a relatively small number of samples, and thus needs further attention in different NIRS based applications.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/3/867partial least squaresupport vector machinegaussian processessoybeanpigeon peaguartepary bean |
| spellingShingle | Gurjinder S. Baath Harpinder K. Baath Prasanna H. Gowda Johnson P. Thomas Brian K. Northup Srinivas C. Rao Hardeep Singh Predicting Forage Quality of Warm-Season Legumes by Near Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Machine Learning Techniques Sensors partial least square support vector machine gaussian processes soybean pigeon pea guar tepary bean |
| title | Predicting Forage Quality of Warm-Season Legumes by Near Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Machine Learning Techniques |
| title_full | Predicting Forage Quality of Warm-Season Legumes by Near Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Machine Learning Techniques |
| title_fullStr | Predicting Forage Quality of Warm-Season Legumes by Near Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Machine Learning Techniques |
| title_full_unstemmed | Predicting Forage Quality of Warm-Season Legumes by Near Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Machine Learning Techniques |
| title_short | Predicting Forage Quality of Warm-Season Legumes by Near Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Machine Learning Techniques |
| title_sort | predicting forage quality of warm season legumes by near infrared spectroscopy coupled with machine learning techniques |
| topic | partial least square support vector machine gaussian processes soybean pigeon pea guar tepary bean |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/3/867 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gurjindersbaath predictingforagequalityofwarmseasonlegumesbynearinfraredspectroscopycoupledwithmachinelearningtechniques AT harpinderkbaath predictingforagequalityofwarmseasonlegumesbynearinfraredspectroscopycoupledwithmachinelearningtechniques AT prasannahgowda predictingforagequalityofwarmseasonlegumesbynearinfraredspectroscopycoupledwithmachinelearningtechniques AT johnsonpthomas predictingforagequalityofwarmseasonlegumesbynearinfraredspectroscopycoupledwithmachinelearningtechniques AT brianknorthup predictingforagequalityofwarmseasonlegumesbynearinfraredspectroscopycoupledwithmachinelearningtechniques AT srinivascrao predictingforagequalityofwarmseasonlegumesbynearinfraredspectroscopycoupledwithmachinelearningtechniques AT hardeepsingh predictingforagequalityofwarmseasonlegumesbynearinfraredspectroscopycoupledwithmachinelearningtechniques |