Cytokine Patterns in COVID-19 Patients: Which Cytokines Predict Mortality and Which Protect Against?
(1) Background/Aim: People infected with SARS-CoV-2 may develop COVID-19 in a wide range of clinical severity. Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by several grades of chronic inflammation and collagen deposition in the interalveolar space. SARS-CoV-2 infection has been demonstrated to cause lung fi...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Current Issues in Molecular Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/44/10/323 |
| _version_ | 1797474178490695680 |
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| author | Maamoun Basheer Elias Saad Majd Kananeh Layyous Asad Osama Khayat Anan Badarne Zaki Abdo Nada Arraf Faris Milhem Tamara Bassal Mariana Boulos Nimer Assy |
| author_facet | Maamoun Basheer Elias Saad Majd Kananeh Layyous Asad Osama Khayat Anan Badarne Zaki Abdo Nada Arraf Faris Milhem Tamara Bassal Mariana Boulos Nimer Assy |
| author_sort | Maamoun Basheer |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | (1) Background/Aim: People infected with SARS-CoV-2 may develop COVID-19 in a wide range of clinical severity. Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by several grades of chronic inflammation and collagen deposition in the interalveolar space. SARS-CoV-2 infection has been demonstrated to cause lung fibrosis without a currently elucidated mechanism. Some studies emphasize the role of proinflammatory cytokines. This research studies the correlation of the released cytokines with mortality or lung injury in COVID-19 patients. (2) Methods: Electronic medical record data from 40 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in the COVID-19 Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel, were collected. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and imaging variables were analyzed. The cytokine levels were measured upon admission and discharge. A correlation between cytokine levels and severity and mortality or lung involvement was undertaken. (3) Results: IFN-gamma and IL-10 are the most powerful risk factors for mortality in the COVID-19 patient groups in a multivariate analysis. However, in a univariate analysis, TGF-β, CXCL-10, IFN gamma, and IL-7 affected mortality in COVID-19 patients. MMP-7 was significantly correlated with a cytokine storm and a high 4-C (severity) score in COVID-19 patients. MMP-7, TGF-β, IL-10, IL-7, TNF-α, and IL-6 were correlated with high lung involvement in COVID-19 patients. Serum concentrations of IGF-1 were significantly increased upon discharge, but MMP-7 was decreased. (4) Conclusions: Proinflammatory cytokines predict clinical severity, lung fibrosis, and mortality in COVID-19 patients. High concentrations of TGF-β, CXCL-10, IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α are correlated to severity and lung injury. However, certain cytokines have protective effects and higher levels of these cytokines increase survival levels and lower lung damage. High levels of INF-γ, IL-7, MMP-7, and IGF-1 have protection probabilities against lung injury and severity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:26:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-aabadf22f3e24b069ee06d92540c645f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1467-3037 1467-3045 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:26:26Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Current Issues in Molecular Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-aabadf22f3e24b069ee06d92540c645f2023-11-23T23:33:59ZengMDPI AGCurrent Issues in Molecular Biology1467-30371467-30452022-10-0144104735474710.3390/cimb44100323Cytokine Patterns in COVID-19 Patients: Which Cytokines Predict Mortality and Which Protect Against?Maamoun Basheer0Elias Saad1Majd Kananeh2Layyous Asad3Osama Khayat4Anan Badarne5Zaki Abdo6Nada Arraf7Faris Milhem8Tamara Bassal9Mariana Boulos10Nimer Assy11Internal Medicine Department A, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, IsraelInternal Medicine Department A, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, IsraelInternal Medicine Department C, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, IsraelInternal Medicine Department A, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, IsraelInternal Medicine Department A, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, IsraelInternal Medicine Department A, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, IsraelInternal Medicine Department A, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, IsraelInternal Medicine Department A, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, IsraelInternal Medicine Department A, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, IsraelInternal Medicine Department A, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, IsraelInternal Medicine Department A, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, IsraelInternal Medicine Department A, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, Israel(1) Background/Aim: People infected with SARS-CoV-2 may develop COVID-19 in a wide range of clinical severity. Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by several grades of chronic inflammation and collagen deposition in the interalveolar space. SARS-CoV-2 infection has been demonstrated to cause lung fibrosis without a currently elucidated mechanism. Some studies emphasize the role of proinflammatory cytokines. This research studies the correlation of the released cytokines with mortality or lung injury in COVID-19 patients. (2) Methods: Electronic medical record data from 40 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in the COVID-19 Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel, were collected. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and imaging variables were analyzed. The cytokine levels were measured upon admission and discharge. A correlation between cytokine levels and severity and mortality or lung involvement was undertaken. (3) Results: IFN-gamma and IL-10 are the most powerful risk factors for mortality in the COVID-19 patient groups in a multivariate analysis. However, in a univariate analysis, TGF-β, CXCL-10, IFN gamma, and IL-7 affected mortality in COVID-19 patients. MMP-7 was significantly correlated with a cytokine storm and a high 4-C (severity) score in COVID-19 patients. MMP-7, TGF-β, IL-10, IL-7, TNF-α, and IL-6 were correlated with high lung involvement in COVID-19 patients. Serum concentrations of IGF-1 were significantly increased upon discharge, but MMP-7 was decreased. (4) Conclusions: Proinflammatory cytokines predict clinical severity, lung fibrosis, and mortality in COVID-19 patients. High concentrations of TGF-β, CXCL-10, IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α are correlated to severity and lung injury. However, certain cytokines have protective effects and higher levels of these cytokines increase survival levels and lower lung damage. High levels of INF-γ, IL-7, MMP-7, and IGF-1 have protection probabilities against lung injury and severity.https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/44/10/323lung fibrosisseveritymortalitycytokinesMMP-7 |
| spellingShingle | Maamoun Basheer Elias Saad Majd Kananeh Layyous Asad Osama Khayat Anan Badarne Zaki Abdo Nada Arraf Faris Milhem Tamara Bassal Mariana Boulos Nimer Assy Cytokine Patterns in COVID-19 Patients: Which Cytokines Predict Mortality and Which Protect Against? Current Issues in Molecular Biology lung fibrosis severity mortality cytokines MMP-7 |
| title | Cytokine Patterns in COVID-19 Patients: Which Cytokines Predict Mortality and Which Protect Against? |
| title_full | Cytokine Patterns in COVID-19 Patients: Which Cytokines Predict Mortality and Which Protect Against? |
| title_fullStr | Cytokine Patterns in COVID-19 Patients: Which Cytokines Predict Mortality and Which Protect Against? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cytokine Patterns in COVID-19 Patients: Which Cytokines Predict Mortality and Which Protect Against? |
| title_short | Cytokine Patterns in COVID-19 Patients: Which Cytokines Predict Mortality and Which Protect Against? |
| title_sort | cytokine patterns in covid 19 patients which cytokines predict mortality and which protect against |
| topic | lung fibrosis severity mortality cytokines MMP-7 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/44/10/323 |
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