Characteristics, Secondary Formation and Regional Contributions of PM<sub>2.5</sub> Pollution in Jinan during Winter
Air pollution is an increasing threat to human health in China. In this study, daily PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> samples were collected simultaneously at the Jinan Environmental Monitoring Station (EMS)in Jinan, China from 15 November 2016 to 15 March 2017. The aim o...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-03-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/3/273 |
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| author | Yingying Liu Jing Wang Xueyan Zhao Jian Wang Xinhua Wang Lujian Hou Wen Yang Bin Han Zhipeng Bai |
| author_facet | Yingying Liu Jing Wang Xueyan Zhao Jian Wang Xinhua Wang Lujian Hou Wen Yang Bin Han Zhipeng Bai |
| author_sort | Yingying Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Air pollution is an increasing threat to human health in China. In this study, daily PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> samples were collected simultaneously at the Jinan Environmental Monitoring Station (EMS)in Jinan, China from 15 November 2016 to 15 March 2017. The aim of this work was to improve the understanding of the characteristics and sources of air particles and determine different levels of PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution and its constituent elements, water-soluble ions and carbonaceous species. Nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>), organic materials (OM) and sulfate (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>) were identified as the three main components of PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution. With increasing pollution level, the contributions of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> increased at greater rates, unlike that of OM. The proportion of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> exceeded that of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> and became predominant in severe PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution (SP; 250 μg m<sup>−3</sup> ≤ PM<sub>2.5</sub> ≤ 500 μg m<sup>−3</sup>). This work demonstrates that SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> has a dominant role in SP level and, consequently, requires greater research attention. It is demonstrated that relative humidity (RH) enhances the rate of sulfate formation more than that of nitrate. Therefore, under the current Chinese emergency response measures, it is necessary to further reduce emissions of SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub>. Four clusters of backward trajectories identified dominant pollution vectors originating from highly industrialized areas that exacerbate the poor air quality in Jinan. It is, therefore, necessary to undertake regional control measures to reduce pollutant emissions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T15:22:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-aabe06b6025f4bfe89db059a987f1a6d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T15:22:09Z |
| publishDate | 2020-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-aabe06b6025f4bfe89db059a987f1a6d2022-12-21T18:59:01ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332020-03-0111327310.3390/atmos11030273atmos11030273Characteristics, Secondary Formation and Regional Contributions of PM<sub>2.5</sub> Pollution in Jinan during WinterYingying Liu0Jing Wang1Xueyan Zhao2Jian Wang3Xinhua Wang4Lujian Hou5Wen Yang6Bin Han7Zhipeng Bai8State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, ChinaJinan Eco-environmental Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Jinan 250000, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, ChinaAir pollution is an increasing threat to human health in China. In this study, daily PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> samples were collected simultaneously at the Jinan Environmental Monitoring Station (EMS)in Jinan, China from 15 November 2016 to 15 March 2017. The aim of this work was to improve the understanding of the characteristics and sources of air particles and determine different levels of PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution and its constituent elements, water-soluble ions and carbonaceous species. Nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>), organic materials (OM) and sulfate (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>) were identified as the three main components of PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution. With increasing pollution level, the contributions of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> increased at greater rates, unlike that of OM. The proportion of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> exceeded that of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> and became predominant in severe PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution (SP; 250 μg m<sup>−3</sup> ≤ PM<sub>2.5</sub> ≤ 500 μg m<sup>−3</sup>). This work demonstrates that SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> has a dominant role in SP level and, consequently, requires greater research attention. It is demonstrated that relative humidity (RH) enhances the rate of sulfate formation more than that of nitrate. Therefore, under the current Chinese emergency response measures, it is necessary to further reduce emissions of SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub>. Four clusters of backward trajectories identified dominant pollution vectors originating from highly industrialized areas that exacerbate the poor air quality in Jinan. It is, therefore, necessary to undertake regional control measures to reduce pollutant emissions.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/3/273pm<sub>2.5</sub>so<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>rhsulfate formationregional transport |
| spellingShingle | Yingying Liu Jing Wang Xueyan Zhao Jian Wang Xinhua Wang Lujian Hou Wen Yang Bin Han Zhipeng Bai Characteristics, Secondary Formation and Regional Contributions of PM<sub>2.5</sub> Pollution in Jinan during Winter Atmosphere pm<sub>2.5</sub> so<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> rh sulfate formation regional transport |
| title | Characteristics, Secondary Formation and Regional Contributions of PM<sub>2.5</sub> Pollution in Jinan during Winter |
| title_full | Characteristics, Secondary Formation and Regional Contributions of PM<sub>2.5</sub> Pollution in Jinan during Winter |
| title_fullStr | Characteristics, Secondary Formation and Regional Contributions of PM<sub>2.5</sub> Pollution in Jinan during Winter |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characteristics, Secondary Formation and Regional Contributions of PM<sub>2.5</sub> Pollution in Jinan during Winter |
| title_short | Characteristics, Secondary Formation and Regional Contributions of PM<sub>2.5</sub> Pollution in Jinan during Winter |
| title_sort | characteristics secondary formation and regional contributions of pm sub 2 5 sub pollution in jinan during winter |
| topic | pm<sub>2.5</sub> so<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> rh sulfate formation regional transport |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/3/273 |
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