Minimally Invasive Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulator Enabled by ECG Sensor and WPT to Manage Obstructive Sleep Apnea
A hypoglossal nerve stimulator (HGNS) is an invasive device that is used to treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) through electrical stimulation. The conventional implantable HGNS device consists of a stimuli generator, a breathing sensor, and electrodes connected to the hypoglossal nerve via leads. H...
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8882 |
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| author | Fen Xia Hanrui Li Yixi Li Xing Liu Yankun Xu Chaoming Fang Qiming Hou Siyu Lin Zhao Zhang Jie Yang Mohamad Sawan |
| author_facet | Fen Xia Hanrui Li Yixi Li Xing Liu Yankun Xu Chaoming Fang Qiming Hou Siyu Lin Zhao Zhang Jie Yang Mohamad Sawan |
| author_sort | Fen Xia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A hypoglossal nerve stimulator (HGNS) is an invasive device that is used to treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) through electrical stimulation. The conventional implantable HGNS device consists of a stimuli generator, a breathing sensor, and electrodes connected to the hypoglossal nerve via leads. However, this implant is bulky and causes significant trauma. In this paper, we propose a minimally invasive HGNS based on an electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor and wireless power transfer (WPT), consisting of a wearable breathing monitor and an implantable stimulator. The breathing external monitor utilizes an ECG sensor to identify abnormal breathing patterns associated with OSA with 88.68% accuracy, achieved through the utilization of a convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm. With a skin thickness of 5 mm and a receiving coil diameter of 9 mm, the power conversion efficiency was measured as 31.8%. The implantable device, on the other hand, is composed of a front-end CMOS power management module (PMM), a binary-phase-shift-keying (BPSK)-based data demodulator, and a bipolar biphasic current stimuli generator. The PMM, with a silicon area of 0.06 mm<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> (excluding PADs), demonstrated a power conversion efficiency of 77.5% when operating at a receiving frequency of 2 MHz. Furthermore, it offers three-voltage options (1.2 V, 1.8 V, and 3.1 V). Within the data receiver component, a low-power BPSK demodulator was ingeniously incorporated, consuming only 42 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>W when supplied with a voltage of 0.7 V. The performance was achieved through the implementation of the self-biased phase-locked-loop (PLL) technique. The stimuli generator delivers biphasic constant currents, providing a 5 bit programmable range spanning from 0 to 2.4 mA. The functionality of the proposed ECG- and WPT-based HGNS was validated, representing a highly promising solution for the effective management of OSA, all while minimizing the trauma and space requirements. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:21:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-aabf2a2d9b2f4bd69e809ba458b5c2fb |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:21:37Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-aabf2a2d9b2f4bd69e809ba458b5c2fb2023-11-10T15:12:32ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-11-012321888210.3390/s23218882Minimally Invasive Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulator Enabled by ECG Sensor and WPT to Manage Obstructive Sleep ApneaFen Xia0Hanrui Li1Yixi Li2Xing Liu3Yankun Xu4Chaoming Fang5Qiming Hou6Siyu Lin7Zhao Zhang8Jie Yang9Mohamad Sawan10Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310024, ChinaCenBRAIN Laboratory, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Superlattices, Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100045, ChinaCenBRAIN Laboratory, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, ChinaCenBRAIN Laboratory, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, ChinaCenBRAIN Laboratory, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, ChinaCenBRAIN Laboratory, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, ChinaCenBRAIN Laboratory, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, ChinaSAMA Labs, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi ArabiaCenBRAIN Laboratory, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, ChinaCenBRAIN Laboratory, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, ChinaA hypoglossal nerve stimulator (HGNS) is an invasive device that is used to treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) through electrical stimulation. The conventional implantable HGNS device consists of a stimuli generator, a breathing sensor, and electrodes connected to the hypoglossal nerve via leads. However, this implant is bulky and causes significant trauma. In this paper, we propose a minimally invasive HGNS based on an electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor and wireless power transfer (WPT), consisting of a wearable breathing monitor and an implantable stimulator. The breathing external monitor utilizes an ECG sensor to identify abnormal breathing patterns associated with OSA with 88.68% accuracy, achieved through the utilization of a convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm. With a skin thickness of 5 mm and a receiving coil diameter of 9 mm, the power conversion efficiency was measured as 31.8%. The implantable device, on the other hand, is composed of a front-end CMOS power management module (PMM), a binary-phase-shift-keying (BPSK)-based data demodulator, and a bipolar biphasic current stimuli generator. The PMM, with a silicon area of 0.06 mm<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> (excluding PADs), demonstrated a power conversion efficiency of 77.5% when operating at a receiving frequency of 2 MHz. Furthermore, it offers three-voltage options (1.2 V, 1.8 V, and 3.1 V). Within the data receiver component, a low-power BPSK demodulator was ingeniously incorporated, consuming only 42 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>W when supplied with a voltage of 0.7 V. The performance was achieved through the implementation of the self-biased phase-locked-loop (PLL) technique. The stimuli generator delivers biphasic constant currents, providing a 5 bit programmable range spanning from 0 to 2.4 mA. The functionality of the proposed ECG- and WPT-based HGNS was validated, representing a highly promising solution for the effective management of OSA, all while minimizing the trauma and space requirements.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8882OSAHGNSECGCNNWPTrectifier |
| spellingShingle | Fen Xia Hanrui Li Yixi Li Xing Liu Yankun Xu Chaoming Fang Qiming Hou Siyu Lin Zhao Zhang Jie Yang Mohamad Sawan Minimally Invasive Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulator Enabled by ECG Sensor and WPT to Manage Obstructive Sleep Apnea Sensors OSA HGNS ECG CNN WPT rectifier |
| title | Minimally Invasive Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulator Enabled by ECG Sensor and WPT to Manage Obstructive Sleep Apnea |
| title_full | Minimally Invasive Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulator Enabled by ECG Sensor and WPT to Manage Obstructive Sleep Apnea |
| title_fullStr | Minimally Invasive Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulator Enabled by ECG Sensor and WPT to Manage Obstructive Sleep Apnea |
| title_full_unstemmed | Minimally Invasive Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulator Enabled by ECG Sensor and WPT to Manage Obstructive Sleep Apnea |
| title_short | Minimally Invasive Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulator Enabled by ECG Sensor and WPT to Manage Obstructive Sleep Apnea |
| title_sort | minimally invasive hypoglossal nerve stimulator enabled by ecg sensor and wpt to manage obstructive sleep apnea |
| topic | OSA HGNS ECG CNN WPT rectifier |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8882 |
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