Development and initial validation of the perceived instrumental effects of violence in sport scale
IntroductionA growing body of research is looking into risk factors for interpersonal violence (IV) in sport. This research suggests the existence of several important risk factors, especially organizational and social factors. One of these factors is the beliefs regarding instrumental effects of vi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Sports and Active Living |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspor.2024.1355958/full |
| _version_ | 1797294351845425152 |
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| author | Sylvie Parent Sylvie Parent Sylvie Parent Sylvie Parent Sylvie Parent Stephanie Radziszewski Stephanie Radziszewski Stephanie Radziszewski Stephanie Radziszewski Allyson Gillard Allyson Gillard Allyson Gillard Allyson Gillard Ariane Bélanger-Gravel Marie-Hélène Gagné Elisabeth St-Pierre Tine Vertommen Tine Vertommen Tine Vertommen Tine Vertommen Tine Vertommen Andrea Woodburn Andrea Woodburn |
| author_facet | Sylvie Parent Sylvie Parent Sylvie Parent Sylvie Parent Sylvie Parent Stephanie Radziszewski Stephanie Radziszewski Stephanie Radziszewski Stephanie Radziszewski Allyson Gillard Allyson Gillard Allyson Gillard Allyson Gillard Ariane Bélanger-Gravel Marie-Hélène Gagné Elisabeth St-Pierre Tine Vertommen Tine Vertommen Tine Vertommen Tine Vertommen Tine Vertommen Andrea Woodburn Andrea Woodburn |
| author_sort | Sylvie Parent |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionA growing body of research is looking into risk factors for interpersonal violence (IV) in sport. This research suggests the existence of several important risk factors, especially organizational and social factors. One of these factors is the beliefs regarding instrumental effects of violence. Coaches may want to drive performance, deter failure, test resilience and commitment, develop toughness, assure interpersonal control, and promote internal competition. In sum, available evidence suggests the risk of IV increases when coaches believe in the effectiveness of strategies involving IV to enhance athlete performance or perceive external approval for these practices.MethodsThe studies presented in this article seeks to develop and validate the Perceived Instrumental Effects of Violence in Sport (PIEVS) Scale in order to measure those beliefs in coaches. In study 1, item generation, expert consultation, cognitive interviews, pilot test and item reduction phases led to 25 items for the PIEVS around six dimensions. In study 2, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted with 690 coaches in order to determine the PIEVS factorial structure and the convergent and divergent validity of the scale was tested (long and short form).ResultsOur results suggested a one-factor solution for the PIEVS (25 items). This one-factor model provided an excellent fit to the data and a very good internal consistency. The PIEVS and empowering motivational climate were negatively correlated, which supported divergent validity as expected. The PIEVS was positively correlated with the disempowering motivational climate and with sport ethic norms, which supported convergent validity as expected.DiscussionThese findings provide preliminary evidence for the appropriateness of the PIEVS Scale to measure perceived instrumental effects of violence in coaches. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T21:28:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-aacdf12d262141fb911382dc1bd33cde |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2624-9367 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T21:28:58Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Sports and Active Living |
| spelling | doaj.art-aacdf12d262141fb911382dc1bd33cde2024-02-27T04:15:43ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Sports and Active Living2624-93672024-02-01610.3389/fspor.2024.13559581355958Development and initial validation of the perceived instrumental effects of violence in sport scaleSylvie Parent0Sylvie Parent1Sylvie Parent2Sylvie Parent3Sylvie Parent4Stephanie Radziszewski5Stephanie Radziszewski6Stephanie Radziszewski7Stephanie Radziszewski8Allyson Gillard9Allyson Gillard10Allyson Gillard11Allyson Gillard12Ariane Bélanger-Gravel13Marie-Hélène Gagné14Elisabeth St-Pierre15Tine Vertommen16Tine Vertommen17Tine Vertommen18Tine Vertommen19Tine Vertommen20Andrea Woodburn21Andrea Woodburn22Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, CanadaDepartment of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Québec, QC, CanadaInternational Research Network on Violence and Integrity in Sport (IRNOVIS), Antwerp, BelgiumInterdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, CanadaÉquipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, CanadaResearch Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, CanadaDepartment of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Québec, QC, CanadaInterdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, CanadaÉquipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, CanadaResearch Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, CanadaDepartment of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Québec, QC, CanadaInterdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, CanadaÉquipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, CanadaDepartment of Information and Communication, Université Laval, Québec, QC, CanadaSchool of Psychology, Université Laval, Québec, QC, CanadaResearch Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, CanadaResearch Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, CanadaInternational Research Network on Violence and Integrity in Sport (IRNOVIS), Antwerp, BelgiumInterdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, CanadaSafe Sport Lab, Center of Expertise Care and Well-Being, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Antwerp, BelgiumDepartment of Physical Education, Ghent University, Ghent, BelgiumResearch Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, CanadaDepartment of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Québec, QC, CanadaIntroductionA growing body of research is looking into risk factors for interpersonal violence (IV) in sport. This research suggests the existence of several important risk factors, especially organizational and social factors. One of these factors is the beliefs regarding instrumental effects of violence. Coaches may want to drive performance, deter failure, test resilience and commitment, develop toughness, assure interpersonal control, and promote internal competition. In sum, available evidence suggests the risk of IV increases when coaches believe in the effectiveness of strategies involving IV to enhance athlete performance or perceive external approval for these practices.MethodsThe studies presented in this article seeks to develop and validate the Perceived Instrumental Effects of Violence in Sport (PIEVS) Scale in order to measure those beliefs in coaches. In study 1, item generation, expert consultation, cognitive interviews, pilot test and item reduction phases led to 25 items for the PIEVS around six dimensions. In study 2, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted with 690 coaches in order to determine the PIEVS factorial structure and the convergent and divergent validity of the scale was tested (long and short form).ResultsOur results suggested a one-factor solution for the PIEVS (25 items). This one-factor model provided an excellent fit to the data and a very good internal consistency. The PIEVS and empowering motivational climate were negatively correlated, which supported divergent validity as expected. The PIEVS was positively correlated with the disempowering motivational climate and with sport ethic norms, which supported convergent validity as expected.DiscussionThese findings provide preliminary evidence for the appropriateness of the PIEVS Scale to measure perceived instrumental effects of violence in coaches.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspor.2024.1355958/fullvalidationviolencesportbeliefsmaltreatmentscale |
| spellingShingle | Sylvie Parent Sylvie Parent Sylvie Parent Sylvie Parent Sylvie Parent Stephanie Radziszewski Stephanie Radziszewski Stephanie Radziszewski Stephanie Radziszewski Allyson Gillard Allyson Gillard Allyson Gillard Allyson Gillard Ariane Bélanger-Gravel Marie-Hélène Gagné Elisabeth St-Pierre Tine Vertommen Tine Vertommen Tine Vertommen Tine Vertommen Tine Vertommen Andrea Woodburn Andrea Woodburn Development and initial validation of the perceived instrumental effects of violence in sport scale Frontiers in Sports and Active Living validation violence sport beliefs maltreatment scale |
| title | Development and initial validation of the perceived instrumental effects of violence in sport scale |
| title_full | Development and initial validation of the perceived instrumental effects of violence in sport scale |
| title_fullStr | Development and initial validation of the perceived instrumental effects of violence in sport scale |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development and initial validation of the perceived instrumental effects of violence in sport scale |
| title_short | Development and initial validation of the perceived instrumental effects of violence in sport scale |
| title_sort | development and initial validation of the perceived instrumental effects of violence in sport scale |
| topic | validation violence sport beliefs maltreatment scale |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspor.2024.1355958/full |
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