Exercise Normalized the Hippocampal Renin-Angiotensin System and Restored Spatial Memory Function, Neurogenesis, and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in the 2K1C-Hypertensive Mouse
Hypertension is associated with blood-brain barrier alteration and brain function decline. Previously, we established the 2-kidney,1-clip (2K1C) hypertensive mice model by renin-angiotensin system (RAS) stimulating. We found that 2K1C-induced hypertension would impair hippocampus-related memory func...
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/10/5531 |
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| author | Ying-Shuang Chang Chih-Lung Lin Chu-Wan Lee Han-Chen Lin Yi-Ting Wu Yao-Hsiang Shih |
| author_facet | Ying-Shuang Chang Chih-Lung Lin Chu-Wan Lee Han-Chen Lin Yi-Ting Wu Yao-Hsiang Shih |
| author_sort | Ying-Shuang Chang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hypertension is associated with blood-brain barrier alteration and brain function decline. Previously, we established the 2-kidney,1-clip (2K1C) hypertensive mice model by renin-angiotensin system (RAS) stimulating. We found that 2K1C-induced hypertension would impair hippocampus-related memory function and decrease adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Even though large studies have investigated the mechanism of hypertension affecting brain function, there remains a lack of efficient ways to halt this vicious effect. The previous study indicated that running exercise ameliorates neurogenesis and spatial memory function in aging mice. Moreover, studies showed that exercise could normalize RAS activity, which might be associated with neurogenesis impairment. Thus, we hypothesize that running exercise could ameliorate neurogenesis and spatial memory function impairment in the 2K1C-hypertension mice. In this study, we performed 2K1C surgery on eight-weeks-old C57BL/6 mice and put them on treadmill exercise one month after the surgery. The results indicate that running exercise improves the spatial memory and neurogenesis impairment of the 2K1C-mice. Moreover, running exercise normalized the activated RAS and blood-brain barrier leakage of the hippocampus, although the blood pressure was not decreased. In conclusion, running exercise could halt hypertension-induced brain impairment through RAS normalization. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:44:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-aafba6bdf2134f7d91bfd9d55d4b976f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:44:43Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-aafba6bdf2134f7d91bfd9d55d4b976f2023-11-23T11:24:16ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-05-012310553110.3390/ijms23105531Exercise Normalized the Hippocampal Renin-Angiotensin System and Restored Spatial Memory Function, Neurogenesis, and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in the 2K1C-Hypertensive MouseYing-Shuang Chang0Chih-Lung Lin1Chu-Wan Lee2Han-Chen Lin3Yi-Ting Wu4Yao-Hsiang Shih5Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung 80708, TaiwanGraduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung 80708, TaiwanDepartment of Nursing, National Tainan Junior College of Nursing, 78, Section 2, Minzu Road, West Central District, Tainan 70043, TaiwanDepartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung 80708, TaiwanDepartment of Nursing, Tzu Hui Institute of Technology, Pingtung County 92641, TaiwanDepartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung 80708, TaiwanHypertension is associated with blood-brain barrier alteration and brain function decline. Previously, we established the 2-kidney,1-clip (2K1C) hypertensive mice model by renin-angiotensin system (RAS) stimulating. We found that 2K1C-induced hypertension would impair hippocampus-related memory function and decrease adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Even though large studies have investigated the mechanism of hypertension affecting brain function, there remains a lack of efficient ways to halt this vicious effect. The previous study indicated that running exercise ameliorates neurogenesis and spatial memory function in aging mice. Moreover, studies showed that exercise could normalize RAS activity, which might be associated with neurogenesis impairment. Thus, we hypothesize that running exercise could ameliorate neurogenesis and spatial memory function impairment in the 2K1C-hypertension mice. In this study, we performed 2K1C surgery on eight-weeks-old C57BL/6 mice and put them on treadmill exercise one month after the surgery. The results indicate that running exercise improves the spatial memory and neurogenesis impairment of the 2K1C-mice. Moreover, running exercise normalized the activated RAS and blood-brain barrier leakage of the hippocampus, although the blood pressure was not decreased. In conclusion, running exercise could halt hypertension-induced brain impairment through RAS normalization.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/10/5531hypertension2-kidney,1-cliprenin-angiotensin systemexerciseneurogenesisblood-brain barrier |
| spellingShingle | Ying-Shuang Chang Chih-Lung Lin Chu-Wan Lee Han-Chen Lin Yi-Ting Wu Yao-Hsiang Shih Exercise Normalized the Hippocampal Renin-Angiotensin System and Restored Spatial Memory Function, Neurogenesis, and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in the 2K1C-Hypertensive Mouse International Journal of Molecular Sciences hypertension 2-kidney,1-clip renin-angiotensin system exercise neurogenesis blood-brain barrier |
| title | Exercise Normalized the Hippocampal Renin-Angiotensin System and Restored Spatial Memory Function, Neurogenesis, and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in the 2K1C-Hypertensive Mouse |
| title_full | Exercise Normalized the Hippocampal Renin-Angiotensin System and Restored Spatial Memory Function, Neurogenesis, and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in the 2K1C-Hypertensive Mouse |
| title_fullStr | Exercise Normalized the Hippocampal Renin-Angiotensin System and Restored Spatial Memory Function, Neurogenesis, and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in the 2K1C-Hypertensive Mouse |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exercise Normalized the Hippocampal Renin-Angiotensin System and Restored Spatial Memory Function, Neurogenesis, and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in the 2K1C-Hypertensive Mouse |
| title_short | Exercise Normalized the Hippocampal Renin-Angiotensin System and Restored Spatial Memory Function, Neurogenesis, and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in the 2K1C-Hypertensive Mouse |
| title_sort | exercise normalized the hippocampal renin angiotensin system and restored spatial memory function neurogenesis and blood brain barrier permeability in the 2k1c hypertensive mouse |
| topic | hypertension 2-kidney,1-clip renin-angiotensin system exercise neurogenesis blood-brain barrier |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/10/5531 |
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