Influence of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Diethylphosphate Ionic Liquid on the Performance of Eu- and Gd-Doped Diamond-like Carbon Coatings
A composite lubricating system that combines solid and liquid lubrication can create a synergistic effect by leveraging the strengths of both types of lubricants. Solid lubrication coatings possess advantageous load-bearing abilities and exhibit low volatility. By adopting this approach, the system...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Lubricants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4442/12/1/18 |
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| author | Mohammadamin Sadeghi Takeru Omiya Filipe Fernandes Luís Vilhena Amilcar Ramalho Fábio Ferreira |
| author_facet | Mohammadamin Sadeghi Takeru Omiya Filipe Fernandes Luís Vilhena Amilcar Ramalho Fábio Ferreira |
| author_sort | Mohammadamin Sadeghi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A composite lubricating system that combines solid and liquid lubrication can create a synergistic effect by leveraging the strengths of both types of lubricants. Solid lubrication coatings possess advantageous load-bearing abilities and exhibit low volatility. By adopting this approach, the system retains the merits of solid lubrication while simultaneously harnessing the advantages of liquid lubrication. The unique properties of diamond-like carbon coatings (DLCs) offer the potential to create binding locations for lubricant additives by introducing dopant elements that have a high affinity with additives. In the present work, the combined use of europium-doped diamond-like carbon (Eu-doped DLC) with varying atomic concentrations of the dopant element (1.7 at. % and 2.4 at. %) and gadolinium-doped diamond-like carbon (Gd-doped DLC) with different atomic concentrations of the dopant element (1.7 at. % and 2.3 at. %) was studied alongside a pure DLC coating and the incorporation of an ionic liquid (IL) additive in a tribological block-on-ring system. The focus was on the 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate ionic liquid with a concentration of 1 wt. % in polyalphaolefin (PAO) 8. Among the investigated pairs, the coefficient of friction (CoF) of 1.7 at. % Eu-doped DLC coupled with the IL was the smallest in boundary, mixed, and elastohydrodynamic lubrication regimes. Quantification of wear was challenging due to minimal and localized wear on the DLC coating surfaces. The decrease in friction within the boundary lubrication regime underscores the promise of mechanical systems that integrate 1.7 atomic percent Europium-doped diamond-like carbon coatings with ionic liquids (IL). This study presents a compelling avenue for future scholarly exploration and research efforts focused on reducing friction and improving the efficiency of moving components, particularly in situations where tribological properties exert a substantial influence |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:51:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ab3990cdf4cb46a291ed16fb2a174e06 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4442 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:51:09Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Lubricants |
| spelling | doaj.art-ab3990cdf4cb46a291ed16fb2a174e062024-01-29T14:04:19ZengMDPI AGLubricants2075-44422024-01-011211810.3390/lubricants12010018Influence of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Diethylphosphate Ionic Liquid on the Performance of Eu- and Gd-Doped Diamond-like Carbon CoatingsMohammadamin Sadeghi0Takeru Omiya1Filipe Fernandes2Luís Vilhena3Amilcar Ramalho4Fábio Ferreira5CEMMPRE, ARISE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, PortugalCEMMPRE, ARISE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, PortugalCEMMPRE, ARISE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, PortugalCEMMPRE, ARISE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, PortugalCEMMPRE, ARISE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, PortugalCEMMPRE, ARISE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, PortugalA composite lubricating system that combines solid and liquid lubrication can create a synergistic effect by leveraging the strengths of both types of lubricants. Solid lubrication coatings possess advantageous load-bearing abilities and exhibit low volatility. By adopting this approach, the system retains the merits of solid lubrication while simultaneously harnessing the advantages of liquid lubrication. The unique properties of diamond-like carbon coatings (DLCs) offer the potential to create binding locations for lubricant additives by introducing dopant elements that have a high affinity with additives. In the present work, the combined use of europium-doped diamond-like carbon (Eu-doped DLC) with varying atomic concentrations of the dopant element (1.7 at. % and 2.4 at. %) and gadolinium-doped diamond-like carbon (Gd-doped DLC) with different atomic concentrations of the dopant element (1.7 at. % and 2.3 at. %) was studied alongside a pure DLC coating and the incorporation of an ionic liquid (IL) additive in a tribological block-on-ring system. The focus was on the 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate ionic liquid with a concentration of 1 wt. % in polyalphaolefin (PAO) 8. Among the investigated pairs, the coefficient of friction (CoF) of 1.7 at. % Eu-doped DLC coupled with the IL was the smallest in boundary, mixed, and elastohydrodynamic lubrication regimes. Quantification of wear was challenging due to minimal and localized wear on the DLC coating surfaces. The decrease in friction within the boundary lubrication regime underscores the promise of mechanical systems that integrate 1.7 atomic percent Europium-doped diamond-like carbon coatings with ionic liquids (IL). This study presents a compelling avenue for future scholarly exploration and research efforts focused on reducing friction and improving the efficiency of moving components, particularly in situations where tribological properties exert a substantial influencehttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-4442/12/1/18lubricant additivesDLClubrication regimetribologythin film |
| spellingShingle | Mohammadamin Sadeghi Takeru Omiya Filipe Fernandes Luís Vilhena Amilcar Ramalho Fábio Ferreira Influence of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Diethylphosphate Ionic Liquid on the Performance of Eu- and Gd-Doped Diamond-like Carbon Coatings Lubricants lubricant additives DLC lubrication regime tribology thin film |
| title | Influence of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Diethylphosphate Ionic Liquid on the Performance of Eu- and Gd-Doped Diamond-like Carbon Coatings |
| title_full | Influence of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Diethylphosphate Ionic Liquid on the Performance of Eu- and Gd-Doped Diamond-like Carbon Coatings |
| title_fullStr | Influence of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Diethylphosphate Ionic Liquid on the Performance of Eu- and Gd-Doped Diamond-like Carbon Coatings |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Diethylphosphate Ionic Liquid on the Performance of Eu- and Gd-Doped Diamond-like Carbon Coatings |
| title_short | Influence of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Diethylphosphate Ionic Liquid on the Performance of Eu- and Gd-Doped Diamond-like Carbon Coatings |
| title_sort | influence of 1 ethyl 3 methylimidazolium diethylphosphate ionic liquid on the performance of eu and gd doped diamond like carbon coatings |
| topic | lubricant additives DLC lubrication regime tribology thin film |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4442/12/1/18 |
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