Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review
The World Health Organization recommended reducing one’s salt intake below 5 g/day to prevent disability and death from cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. This review aimed to identify salt estimation at the population level in South Asian countries, namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, I...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/20/4358 |
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| author | Ummay Afroza Ahmad Khairul Abrar Abira Nowar Jubaida Akhtar Mohammad Abdullah Al Mamun Sheikh Mohammad Mahbubus Sobhan Laura Cobb Nicole Ide Sohel Reza Choudhury |
| author_facet | Ummay Afroza Ahmad Khairul Abrar Abira Nowar Jubaida Akhtar Mohammad Abdullah Al Mamun Sheikh Mohammad Mahbubus Sobhan Laura Cobb Nicole Ide Sohel Reza Choudhury |
| author_sort | Ummay Afroza |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The World Health Organization recommended reducing one’s salt intake below 5 g/day to prevent disability and death from cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. This review aimed to identify salt estimation at the population level in South Asian countries, namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. We searched electronic databases and government websites for the literature and reports published between January 2011 and October 2021 and also consulted key informants for unpublished reports. We included studies that assessed salt intake from urinary sodium excretion, either spot urine or a 24 h urine sample, on a minimum of 100 samples in South Asian countries. We included 12 studies meeting the criteria after screening 2043 studies, out of which five followed nationally representative methods. This review revealed that salt intake in South Asian countries ranges from 6.7–13.3 g/day. The reported lowest level of salt intake was in Bangladesh and India, and the highest one was in Nepal. The estimated salt intake reported in the nationally representative studies were ranging from 8 g/day (in India) to 12.1 g/day (in Afghanistan). Salt consumption in men (8.9–12.5 g/day) was reported higher than in women (7.1–12.5 g/day). Despite the global target of population salt intake reduction, people in South Asian countries consume a much higher amount of salt than the WHO-recommended level. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:59:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ab7e90c40db845aeb598d7ea465920ce |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:59:53Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-ab7e90c40db845aeb598d7ea465920ce2023-11-19T17:37:39ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432023-10-011520435810.3390/nu15204358Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping ReviewUmmay Afroza0Ahmad Khairul Abrar1Abira Nowar2Jubaida Akhtar3Mohammad Abdullah Al Mamun4Sheikh Mohammad Mahbubus Sobhan5Laura Cobb6Nicole Ide7Sohel Reza Choudhury8Department of Epidemiology and Research, National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute, Dhaka 1216, BangladeshDepartment of Epidemiology and Research, National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute, Dhaka 1216, BangladeshDepartment of Epidemiology and Research, National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute, Dhaka 1216, BangladeshDepartment of Epidemiology and Research, National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute, Dhaka 1216, BangladeshDepartment of Epidemiology and Research, National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute, Dhaka 1216, BangladeshDepartment of Epidemiology and Research, National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute, Dhaka 1216, BangladeshResolve To Save Lives (RTSL), New York, NY 10004, USAResolve To Save Lives (RTSL), New York, NY 10004, USADepartment of Epidemiology and Research, National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute, Dhaka 1216, BangladeshThe World Health Organization recommended reducing one’s salt intake below 5 g/day to prevent disability and death from cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. This review aimed to identify salt estimation at the population level in South Asian countries, namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. We searched electronic databases and government websites for the literature and reports published between January 2011 and October 2021 and also consulted key informants for unpublished reports. We included studies that assessed salt intake from urinary sodium excretion, either spot urine or a 24 h urine sample, on a minimum of 100 samples in South Asian countries. We included 12 studies meeting the criteria after screening 2043 studies, out of which five followed nationally representative methods. This review revealed that salt intake in South Asian countries ranges from 6.7–13.3 g/day. The reported lowest level of salt intake was in Bangladesh and India, and the highest one was in Nepal. The estimated salt intake reported in the nationally representative studies were ranging from 8 g/day (in India) to 12.1 g/day (in Afghanistan). Salt consumption in men (8.9–12.5 g/day) was reported higher than in women (7.1–12.5 g/day). Despite the global target of population salt intake reduction, people in South Asian countries consume a much higher amount of salt than the WHO-recommended level.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/20/4358saltsodiumurinary sodiumspot urineSouth Asia |
| spellingShingle | Ummay Afroza Ahmad Khairul Abrar Abira Nowar Jubaida Akhtar Mohammad Abdullah Al Mamun Sheikh Mohammad Mahbubus Sobhan Laura Cobb Nicole Ide Sohel Reza Choudhury Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review Nutrients salt sodium urinary sodium spot urine South Asia |
| title | Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review |
| title_full | Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review |
| title_fullStr | Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review |
| title_short | Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review |
| title_sort | salt intake estimation from urine samples in south asian population scoping review |
| topic | salt sodium urinary sodium spot urine South Asia |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/20/4358 |
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