| Summary: | Dogs play an important role in transmission of <i>Leishmania infantum</i>, but epidemiologic and clinical studies of canine tegumentary leishmaniasis (CTL) are scarce. In an endemic area of human American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) caused by <i>Leishmania braziliensis,</i> we determine the prevalence and incidence of both CTL and subclinical (SC) <i>L. braziliensis</i> infection in dogs and evaluated if the presence of dogs with CTL or SC <i>L. braziliensis</i> infection is associated with the occurrence of human ATL. SC infection in healthy animals and CTL in animals with ulcers were determined by PCR on biopsied healthy skin or on ulcers or by detecting antibodies against soluble leishmania antigen. We compared the occurrence of human ATL in homes with dogs with CTL or SC infection with control homes without dogs or with dogs without CTL or SC infection. The prevalence of SC infection was 35% and of CTL 31%. The incidence of SC infection in dogs was 4.6% and of CTL 9.3%. The frequency of ATL in humans was 50% in homes with infected dogs and 13% in homes without <i>L. braziliensis</i> infection in dogs. CTL and SC infection is highly prevalent, and dogs may participate in the transmission chain of <i>L. braziliensis</i>.
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