Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and High-Sensitivity Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Screening of Classic Drugs and New Psychoactive Substances and Metabolites in Urine of Consumers
The use of the new psychoactive substances is continuously growing and the implementation of accurate and sensible analysis in biological matrices of users is relevant and fundamental for clinical and forensic purposes. Two different analytical technologies, high-sensitivity gas chromatography-mass...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/8/4000 |
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| author | Emilia Marchei Maria Alias Ferri Marta Torrens Magí Farré Roberta Pacifici Simona Pichini Manuela Pellegrini |
| author_facet | Emilia Marchei Maria Alias Ferri Marta Torrens Magí Farré Roberta Pacifici Simona Pichini Manuela Pellegrini |
| author_sort | Emilia Marchei |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The use of the new psychoactive substances is continuously growing and the implementation of accurate and sensible analysis in biological matrices of users is relevant and fundamental for clinical and forensic purposes. Two different analytical technologies, high-sensitivity gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) were used for a screening analysis of classic drugs and new psychoactive substances and their metabolites in urine of formed heroin addicts under methadone maintenance therapy. Sample preparation involved a liquid-liquid extraction. The UHPLC-HRMS method included Accucore™ phenyl Hexyl (100 × 2.1 mm, 2.6 μm, Thermo, USA) column with a gradient mobile phase consisting of mobile phase A (ammonium formate 2 mM in water, 0.1% formic acid) and mobile phase B (ammonium formate 2 mM in methanol/acetonitrile 50:50 (<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>), 0.1% formic acid) and a full-scan data-dependent MS2 (ddMS2) mode for substances identification (mass range 100–1000 <i>m</i>/<i>z</i>). The GC-MS method employed an ultra-Inert Intuvo GC column (HP-5MS UI, 30 m, 250 µm i.d, film thickness 0.25 µm; Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and electron-impact (EI) mass spectra were recorded in total ion monitoring mode (scan range 40–550 <i>m</i>/<i>z</i>). Urine samples from 296 patients with a history of opioid use disorder were examined. Around 80 different psychoactive substances and/or metabolites were identified, being methadone and metabolites the most prevalent ones. The possibility to screen for a huge number of psychotropic substances can be useful in suspected drug related fatalities or acute intoxication/exposure occurring in emergency departments and drug addiction services. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:22:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-aba8e5a2d0384563a2db3e837cbdb1de |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:22:27Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-aba8e5a2d0384563a2db3e837cbdb1de2023-11-21T15:21:12ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-04-01228400010.3390/ijms22084000Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and High-Sensitivity Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Screening of Classic Drugs and New Psychoactive Substances and Metabolites in Urine of ConsumersEmilia Marchei0Maria Alias Ferri1Marta Torrens2Magí Farré3Roberta Pacifici4Simona Pichini5Manuela Pellegrini6National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.Le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, ItalyDrug Addiction Program, Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addicions, Institut Hopsital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (INAD-IMIM), Parc de Salut Mar, 08003 Barcelona, SpainDrug Addiction Program, Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addicions, Institut Hopsital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (INAD-IMIM), Parc de Salut Mar, 08003 Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, SpainNational Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.Le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, ItalyNational Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.Le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, ItalyNational Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.Le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, ItalyThe use of the new psychoactive substances is continuously growing and the implementation of accurate and sensible analysis in biological matrices of users is relevant and fundamental for clinical and forensic purposes. Two different analytical technologies, high-sensitivity gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) were used for a screening analysis of classic drugs and new psychoactive substances and their metabolites in urine of formed heroin addicts under methadone maintenance therapy. Sample preparation involved a liquid-liquid extraction. The UHPLC-HRMS method included Accucore™ phenyl Hexyl (100 × 2.1 mm, 2.6 μm, Thermo, USA) column with a gradient mobile phase consisting of mobile phase A (ammonium formate 2 mM in water, 0.1% formic acid) and mobile phase B (ammonium formate 2 mM in methanol/acetonitrile 50:50 (<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>), 0.1% formic acid) and a full-scan data-dependent MS2 (ddMS2) mode for substances identification (mass range 100–1000 <i>m</i>/<i>z</i>). The GC-MS method employed an ultra-Inert Intuvo GC column (HP-5MS UI, 30 m, 250 µm i.d, film thickness 0.25 µm; Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and electron-impact (EI) mass spectra were recorded in total ion monitoring mode (scan range 40–550 <i>m</i>/<i>z</i>). Urine samples from 296 patients with a history of opioid use disorder were examined. Around 80 different psychoactive substances and/or metabolites were identified, being methadone and metabolites the most prevalent ones. The possibility to screen for a huge number of psychotropic substances can be useful in suspected drug related fatalities or acute intoxication/exposure occurring in emergency departments and drug addiction services.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/8/4000classic drugs of abusenew psychoactive substances (NPS)novel synthetic opioids (NSO)urineliquid chromatographyhigh-resolution mass spectrometry |
| spellingShingle | Emilia Marchei Maria Alias Ferri Marta Torrens Magí Farré Roberta Pacifici Simona Pichini Manuela Pellegrini Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and High-Sensitivity Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Screening of Classic Drugs and New Psychoactive Substances and Metabolites in Urine of Consumers International Journal of Molecular Sciences classic drugs of abuse new psychoactive substances (NPS) novel synthetic opioids (NSO) urine liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry |
| title | Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and High-Sensitivity Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Screening of Classic Drugs and New Psychoactive Substances and Metabolites in Urine of Consumers |
| title_full | Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and High-Sensitivity Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Screening of Classic Drugs and New Psychoactive Substances and Metabolites in Urine of Consumers |
| title_fullStr | Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and High-Sensitivity Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Screening of Classic Drugs and New Psychoactive Substances and Metabolites in Urine of Consumers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and High-Sensitivity Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Screening of Classic Drugs and New Psychoactive Substances and Metabolites in Urine of Consumers |
| title_short | Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and High-Sensitivity Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Screening of Classic Drugs and New Psychoactive Substances and Metabolites in Urine of Consumers |
| title_sort | ultra high performance liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry and high sensitivity gas chromatography mass spectrometry screening of classic drugs and new psychoactive substances and metabolites in urine of consumers |
| topic | classic drugs of abuse new psychoactive substances (NPS) novel synthetic opioids (NSO) urine liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/8/4000 |
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