Water Efficiency Households Retrofit Proposal Based on Rainwater Quality in Acapulco, Mexico
Climate change, urbanization, and population growth, particularly in urban areas such as Acapulco, Mexico, put pressure on water availability, where although surrounded by water, the inhabitants lack enough good-quality water, especially in the rainy season. In addition, water scarcity, socioeconomi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/18/2927 |
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| author | Mariana Martínez-Castrejón Enrique J. Flores-Munguía Oscar Talavera-Mendoza América L. Rodríguez-Herrera Omar Solorza-Feria Osbelia Alcaraz-Morales Jazmin A. López-Díaz Giovanni Hernández-Flores |
| author_facet | Mariana Martínez-Castrejón Enrique J. Flores-Munguía Oscar Talavera-Mendoza América L. Rodríguez-Herrera Omar Solorza-Feria Osbelia Alcaraz-Morales Jazmin A. López-Díaz Giovanni Hernández-Flores |
| author_sort | Mariana Martínez-Castrejón |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Climate change, urbanization, and population growth, particularly in urban areas such as Acapulco, Mexico, put pressure on water availability, where although surrounded by water, the inhabitants lack enough good-quality water, especially in the rainy season. In addition, water scarcity, socioeconomic factors, and infrastructure problems limit the satisfaction of water demand in this context, e.g., operational issues in the water treatment plants and problems in the distribution network caused by hurricanes. The objectives of this research were: (i) to determine the rainwater quality in Acapulco, Mexico; (ii) to propose a domestic water efficiency retrofit (WER) design implementing a rainwater harvesting system (RWHS); and (iii) to determine the RWHS efficiency in terms of economic savings, considering rainwater’s social acceptance for domestic consumptive uses. The WER design was developed in an SFH in Acapulco, Mexico. The RWHS catchment surface area was 29 m<sup>2</sup>. The device comprises a first-rain separator (20 L) and a storage tank (1200 L). The rainwater harvesting potential (RWHP) was evaluated during the 2020 and 2021 rainy seasons, whereas the harvested rainwater quality (HRWQ) was analyzed in samples from 2021. Alkalinity, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, and heavy metals and potentially toxic metalloids were analyzed. Additionally, 168 surveys were applied to SFH owners to evaluate WER acceptance. Results showed that the RWHP was ca. 44 and 21 L/m<sup>2</sup> in 2020 and 2021, respectively. All the rainwater quality parameters met the World Health Organization guidelines for consumptive uses except for drinking water. The perception study showed a 95% willingness to adopt the WER. Due to the RWHP and the HRWQ, the WER of SFHs is a promising solution to address Acapulco hydric stress under the nature-based solutions approach. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:10:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-abab2f90881648309461b031f08ecc2a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:10:38Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-abab2f90881648309461b031f08ecc2a2023-11-23T19:32:26ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412022-09-011418292710.3390/w14182927Water Efficiency Households Retrofit Proposal Based on Rainwater Quality in Acapulco, MexicoMariana Martínez-Castrejón0Enrique J. Flores-Munguía1Oscar Talavera-Mendoza2América L. Rodríguez-Herrera3Omar Solorza-Feria4Osbelia Alcaraz-Morales5Jazmin A. López-Díaz6Giovanni Hernández-Flores7Centro de Ciencias de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Privada de Laurel No. 13, Col. El Roble, Acapulco C.P. 39640, MexicoCentro de Ciencias de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Privada de Laurel No. 13, Col. El Roble, Acapulco C.P. 39640, MexicoEscuela Superior de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Ex Hacienda San Juan Bautista s/n, Taxco el Viejo C.P. 40323, MexicoCentro de Ciencias de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Privada de Laurel No. 13, Col. El Roble, Acapulco C.P. 39640, MexicoDepartment of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero C.P. 07360, MexicoFacultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Juárez No. 38 Interior, C.U. Zona Norte, Chilpancingo C.P. 39000, MexicoEscuela Superior de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Ex Hacienda San Juan Bautista s/n, Taxco el Viejo C.P. 40323, MexicoCONACYT-Escuela Superior de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Ex Hacienda San Juan Bautista s/n, Taxco el Viejo C.P. 40323, MexicoClimate change, urbanization, and population growth, particularly in urban areas such as Acapulco, Mexico, put pressure on water availability, where although surrounded by water, the inhabitants lack enough good-quality water, especially in the rainy season. In addition, water scarcity, socioeconomic factors, and infrastructure problems limit the satisfaction of water demand in this context, e.g., operational issues in the water treatment plants and problems in the distribution network caused by hurricanes. The objectives of this research were: (i) to determine the rainwater quality in Acapulco, Mexico; (ii) to propose a domestic water efficiency retrofit (WER) design implementing a rainwater harvesting system (RWHS); and (iii) to determine the RWHS efficiency in terms of economic savings, considering rainwater’s social acceptance for domestic consumptive uses. The WER design was developed in an SFH in Acapulco, Mexico. The RWHS catchment surface area was 29 m<sup>2</sup>. The device comprises a first-rain separator (20 L) and a storage tank (1200 L). The rainwater harvesting potential (RWHP) was evaluated during the 2020 and 2021 rainy seasons, whereas the harvested rainwater quality (HRWQ) was analyzed in samples from 2021. Alkalinity, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, and heavy metals and potentially toxic metalloids were analyzed. Additionally, 168 surveys were applied to SFH owners to evaluate WER acceptance. Results showed that the RWHP was ca. 44 and 21 L/m<sup>2</sup> in 2020 and 2021, respectively. All the rainwater quality parameters met the World Health Organization guidelines for consumptive uses except for drinking water. The perception study showed a 95% willingness to adopt the WER. Due to the RWHP and the HRWQ, the WER of SFHs is a promising solution to address Acapulco hydric stress under the nature-based solutions approach.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/18/2927nature-based solutionsrainwater harvesting systemwater-sensitive citieswater stressrainwater qualitywater efficiency retrofit |
| spellingShingle | Mariana Martínez-Castrejón Enrique J. Flores-Munguía Oscar Talavera-Mendoza América L. Rodríguez-Herrera Omar Solorza-Feria Osbelia Alcaraz-Morales Jazmin A. López-Díaz Giovanni Hernández-Flores Water Efficiency Households Retrofit Proposal Based on Rainwater Quality in Acapulco, Mexico Water nature-based solutions rainwater harvesting system water-sensitive cities water stress rainwater quality water efficiency retrofit |
| title | Water Efficiency Households Retrofit Proposal Based on Rainwater Quality in Acapulco, Mexico |
| title_full | Water Efficiency Households Retrofit Proposal Based on Rainwater Quality in Acapulco, Mexico |
| title_fullStr | Water Efficiency Households Retrofit Proposal Based on Rainwater Quality in Acapulco, Mexico |
| title_full_unstemmed | Water Efficiency Households Retrofit Proposal Based on Rainwater Quality in Acapulco, Mexico |
| title_short | Water Efficiency Households Retrofit Proposal Based on Rainwater Quality in Acapulco, Mexico |
| title_sort | water efficiency households retrofit proposal based on rainwater quality in acapulco mexico |
| topic | nature-based solutions rainwater harvesting system water-sensitive cities water stress rainwater quality water efficiency retrofit |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/18/2927 |
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