The Influence of Energy Balance, Lipolysis and Ketogenesis on Metabolic Adaptation in Cows Milked Twice and Three Times Daily
Increasing milk production requires increasing milking frequency (MF) from two times daily (2X) to three (3X) or more. High milk production leads to negative energy balance (NEB) and homeorhesis, characterized by lipolysis, ketogenesis, and endocrinological changes. The relationship among energy bal...
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Metabolites |
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| author | Srđan Krnjaić Marko Cincović Radojica Djoković Branislava Belić Jožica Ježek Jože Starič |
| author_facet | Srđan Krnjaić Marko Cincović Radojica Djoković Branislava Belić Jožica Ježek Jože Starič |
| author_sort | Srđan Krnjaić |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Increasing milk production requires increasing milking frequency (MF) from two times daily (2X) to three (3X) or more. High milk production leads to negative energy balance (NEB) and homeorhesis, characterized by lipolysis, ketogenesis, and endocrinological changes. The relationship among energy balance (EB), lipolysis, and ketogenesis with endocrine and metabolic parameters in blood of cows milked 2X and 3X daily was studied. Holstein Friesian cows milked 2X (<i>n</i> = 45) and 3X (<i>n</i> = 45) were analyzed, with approximately 50% of cows in each group in positive EB (PEB) and 50% in NEB. After determining EB, blood samples were collected from all cows and blood serum was analyzed for non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucose (GLU), cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TGC), total bilirubin (TBIL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphate (P), total protein (TPROT), albumin (ALB), urea, insulin (INS), T3, T4, and cortisol (CORT), and the RQUICKIBHB index of insulin resistance was calculated. Cows milked 3X in NEB represent a special cluster that partially overlaps with cows milked 2X in NEB and has no contact points with cows in PEB. Cows milked 3X had higher levels of NEFA, BHB, AST, GGT, TBIL, and CORT and lower levels of GLU, Ca, INS, and T4. Cows milked 3X in NEB had higher levels of NEFA, BHB, AST, GGT, TBIL, and CORT and lower levels of GLU, CHOL, TGC, TPROT, P, INS, RQUICKIBHB, and T3 compared with cows milked 2X in NEB and cows in PEB. In cows milked 3X, lipolysis and ketogenesis were much more prominent, and EB levels were lower, implying a pronounced shift in homeorhesis. Metabolic and endocrinology parameters were determined mainly by the values of EB, NEFA, and BHB in cows milked 3X in NEB compared with other categories of cows. The results confirm the peculiarity of metabolic adaptation in cows with increased MF, characterized not only by differences in the concentration of metabolites but also in their interactions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:51:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-abcf4445b3cb41a8abde609c8e7d5306 |
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| issn | 2218-1989 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:51:08Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-abcf4445b3cb41a8abde609c8e7d53062023-11-24T05:50:49ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892022-11-011211109010.3390/metabo12111090The Influence of Energy Balance, Lipolysis and Ketogenesis on Metabolic Adaptation in Cows Milked Twice and Three Times DailySrđan Krnjaić0Marko Cincović1Radojica Djoković2Branislava Belić3Jožica Ježek4Jože Starič5Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, SerbiaDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, SerbiaDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agronomy Čačak, University of Kragujevac, Cara Dušana 34, 32000 Čačak, SerbiaDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, SerbiaVeterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaVeterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaIncreasing milk production requires increasing milking frequency (MF) from two times daily (2X) to three (3X) or more. High milk production leads to negative energy balance (NEB) and homeorhesis, characterized by lipolysis, ketogenesis, and endocrinological changes. The relationship among energy balance (EB), lipolysis, and ketogenesis with endocrine and metabolic parameters in blood of cows milked 2X and 3X daily was studied. Holstein Friesian cows milked 2X (<i>n</i> = 45) and 3X (<i>n</i> = 45) were analyzed, with approximately 50% of cows in each group in positive EB (PEB) and 50% in NEB. After determining EB, blood samples were collected from all cows and blood serum was analyzed for non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucose (GLU), cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TGC), total bilirubin (TBIL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphate (P), total protein (TPROT), albumin (ALB), urea, insulin (INS), T3, T4, and cortisol (CORT), and the RQUICKIBHB index of insulin resistance was calculated. Cows milked 3X in NEB represent a special cluster that partially overlaps with cows milked 2X in NEB and has no contact points with cows in PEB. Cows milked 3X had higher levels of NEFA, BHB, AST, GGT, TBIL, and CORT and lower levels of GLU, Ca, INS, and T4. Cows milked 3X in NEB had higher levels of NEFA, BHB, AST, GGT, TBIL, and CORT and lower levels of GLU, CHOL, TGC, TPROT, P, INS, RQUICKIBHB, and T3 compared with cows milked 2X in NEB and cows in PEB. In cows milked 3X, lipolysis and ketogenesis were much more prominent, and EB levels were lower, implying a pronounced shift in homeorhesis. Metabolic and endocrinology parameters were determined mainly by the values of EB, NEFA, and BHB in cows milked 3X in NEB compared with other categories of cows. The results confirm the peculiarity of metabolic adaptation in cows with increased MF, characterized not only by differences in the concentration of metabolites but also in their interactions.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/11/1090cowmetabolic statusbloodmilklactation |
| spellingShingle | Srđan Krnjaić Marko Cincović Radojica Djoković Branislava Belić Jožica Ježek Jože Starič The Influence of Energy Balance, Lipolysis and Ketogenesis on Metabolic Adaptation in Cows Milked Twice and Three Times Daily Metabolites cow metabolic status blood milk lactation |
| title | The Influence of Energy Balance, Lipolysis and Ketogenesis on Metabolic Adaptation in Cows Milked Twice and Three Times Daily |
| title_full | The Influence of Energy Balance, Lipolysis and Ketogenesis on Metabolic Adaptation in Cows Milked Twice and Three Times Daily |
| title_fullStr | The Influence of Energy Balance, Lipolysis and Ketogenesis on Metabolic Adaptation in Cows Milked Twice and Three Times Daily |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Influence of Energy Balance, Lipolysis and Ketogenesis on Metabolic Adaptation in Cows Milked Twice and Three Times Daily |
| title_short | The Influence of Energy Balance, Lipolysis and Ketogenesis on Metabolic Adaptation in Cows Milked Twice and Three Times Daily |
| title_sort | influence of energy balance lipolysis and ketogenesis on metabolic adaptation in cows milked twice and three times daily |
| topic | cow metabolic status blood milk lactation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/11/1090 |
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