Optical Sensor for Real-Time Detection of Trichlorofluoromethane
Trichlorofluoromethane was once a promising and versatile applicable chlorofluorocarbon. Unaware of its ozone-depleting character, for a long time it was globally applied as propellant and refrigerant and thus led to significant thinning of the ozone layer and contributed to the formation of the so-...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2019-02-01
|
| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/3/632 |
| _version_ | 1798005289943826432 |
|---|---|
| author | Maiko Girschikofsky Dimitrij Ryvlin Siegfried R. Waldvogel Ralf Hellmann |
| author_facet | Maiko Girschikofsky Dimitrij Ryvlin Siegfried R. Waldvogel Ralf Hellmann |
| author_sort | Maiko Girschikofsky |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Trichlorofluoromethane was once a promising and versatile applicable chlorofluorocarbon. Unaware of its ozone-depleting character, for a long time it was globally applied as propellant and refrigerant and thus led to significant thinning of the ozone layer and contributed to the formation of the so-called ozone hole. Although production and application of this substance were gradually reduced at an early stage, we still face the consequences of its former careless use. Today, trichlorofluoromethane is released during recycling processes of waste cooling devices, traded on the black market, and according to recent findings still illegally manufactured. Here, we present an optical sensor device for real-time in-situ detection and measurement of this environmentally harmful chlorofluorocarbon. The described sensor is based on a planar Bragg grating that is functionalized with cyclodextrin derivatives and operates on the principle of a chemical sensor. In our study, the sensor is sensitized using <i>per</i>-methyl-, <i>per</i>-ethyl-, and <i>per</i>-allyl-substituted <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi>α</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>-, <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi>β</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>-, and <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi>γ</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>-cyclodextrins as affinity materials for airborne trichlorofluoromethane. These functional coatings have been proven to be highly efficient, as an up to 400-times stronger signal deflection could be achieved compared to an identical but uncoated sensor. The presented sensor device shows instantaneous response to trichlorofluoromethane exposure, and features a limit-of-detection of less than 25 ppm, depending on the applied affinity material. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T12:36:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ac0a99d8f9394e9d86f86c1966988624 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T12:36:50Z |
| publishDate | 2019-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-ac0a99d8f9394e9d86f86c19669886242022-12-22T04:23:36ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202019-02-0119363210.3390/s19030632s19030632Optical Sensor for Real-Time Detection of TrichlorofluoromethaneMaiko Girschikofsky0Dimitrij Ryvlin1Siegfried R. Waldvogel2Ralf Hellmann3Applied Laser and Photonics Group, University of Applied Sciences Aschaffenburg, 63743 Aschaffenburg, GermanyInstitute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, GermanyInstitute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, GermanyApplied Laser and Photonics Group, University of Applied Sciences Aschaffenburg, 63743 Aschaffenburg, GermanyTrichlorofluoromethane was once a promising and versatile applicable chlorofluorocarbon. Unaware of its ozone-depleting character, for a long time it was globally applied as propellant and refrigerant and thus led to significant thinning of the ozone layer and contributed to the formation of the so-called ozone hole. Although production and application of this substance were gradually reduced at an early stage, we still face the consequences of its former careless use. Today, trichlorofluoromethane is released during recycling processes of waste cooling devices, traded on the black market, and according to recent findings still illegally manufactured. Here, we present an optical sensor device for real-time in-situ detection and measurement of this environmentally harmful chlorofluorocarbon. The described sensor is based on a planar Bragg grating that is functionalized with cyclodextrin derivatives and operates on the principle of a chemical sensor. In our study, the sensor is sensitized using <i>per</i>-methyl-, <i>per</i>-ethyl-, and <i>per</i>-allyl-substituted <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi>α</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>-, <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi>β</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>-, and <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi>γ</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>-cyclodextrins as affinity materials for airborne trichlorofluoromethane. These functional coatings have been proven to be highly efficient, as an up to 400-times stronger signal deflection could be achieved compared to an identical but uncoated sensor. The presented sensor device shows instantaneous response to trichlorofluoromethane exposure, and features a limit-of-detection of less than 25 ppm, depending on the applied affinity material.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/3/632Bragg gratingsensorsupramolecular chemistrycyclodextrintrichloroflouromethane |
| spellingShingle | Maiko Girschikofsky Dimitrij Ryvlin Siegfried R. Waldvogel Ralf Hellmann Optical Sensor for Real-Time Detection of Trichlorofluoromethane Sensors Bragg grating sensor supramolecular chemistry cyclodextrin trichloroflouromethane |
| title | Optical Sensor for Real-Time Detection of Trichlorofluoromethane |
| title_full | Optical Sensor for Real-Time Detection of Trichlorofluoromethane |
| title_fullStr | Optical Sensor for Real-Time Detection of Trichlorofluoromethane |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optical Sensor for Real-Time Detection of Trichlorofluoromethane |
| title_short | Optical Sensor for Real-Time Detection of Trichlorofluoromethane |
| title_sort | optical sensor for real time detection of trichlorofluoromethane |
| topic | Bragg grating sensor supramolecular chemistry cyclodextrin trichloroflouromethane |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/3/632 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT maikogirschikofsky opticalsensorforrealtimedetectionoftrichlorofluoromethane AT dimitrijryvlin opticalsensorforrealtimedetectionoftrichlorofluoromethane AT siegfriedrwaldvogel opticalsensorforrealtimedetectionoftrichlorofluoromethane AT ralfhellmann opticalsensorforrealtimedetectionoftrichlorofluoromethane |