RDL mutations in Guangxi Anopheles sinensis populations along the China–Vietnam border: distribution frequency and evolutionary origin of A296S resistance allele
Abstract Background Malaria is a deadly vector-borne disease in tropical and subtropical regions. Although indigenous malaria has been eliminated in Guangxi of China, 473 confirmed cases were reported in the Northern region of neighbouring Vietnam in 2014. Considering that frequent population moveme...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2020-01-01
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| Series: | Malaria Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-3098-y |
| _version_ | 1818700577604894720 |
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| author | Nian Liu Xiangyang Feng Xinghui Qiu |
| author_facet | Nian Liu Xiangyang Feng Xinghui Qiu |
| author_sort | Nian Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Malaria is a deadly vector-borne disease in tropical and subtropical regions. Although indigenous malaria has been eliminated in Guangxi of China, 473 confirmed cases were reported in the Northern region of neighbouring Vietnam in 2014. Considering that frequent population movement occurs across the China–Vietnam border and insecticide resistance is a major obstacle in disease vector control, there is a need to know the genotype and frequency of insecticide resistance alleles in Anopheles sinensis populations along the China–Vietnam border and to take action to prevent the possible migration of insecticide resistance alleles across the border. Methods Two hundred and eight adults of An. sinensis collected from seven locations in Guangxi along the China–Vietnam border were used in the investigation of individual genotypes of the AsRDL gene, which encodes the RDL gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor subunit in An. sinensis. PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis was deployed to genotype codon 345, while direct sequencing of PCR products was conducted to clarify the genotypes for codons 296 and 327 of the AsRDL gene. The genealogical relation of AsRDL haplotypes was analyzed using Network 5.0. Results Three putative insecticide resistance related mutations (A296S, V327I and T345S) were detected in all the seven populations of An. sinensis in Guangxi along the China–Vietnam border. The resistance-conferring A296S mutation was found to be widely distributed and present at notably high frequencies (78.8% to 100%). Relatively lower frequencies of mutations V327I (26.9% to 53.2%) and T345S (0% to 28.8%) were observed. The V327I or T345S always occurred in the presence of A296S. Evolutionary analysis of 21 AsRDL haplotypes indicated multiple origins of the A296S and V327I mutations. Conclusion The resistance A296S allele was present at high frequencies in the An. sinensis populations along the China–Vietnam border, indicating a risk of resistance to insecticides targeting RDL. The double mutations (A296S + V327I) may have evolved from alleles carrying the A296S mutation by scaffolding the additional mutation V327I, and A296S allele may have multiple evolutionary origins. These findings will help inform strategies for vector control and malaria prevention. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-17T15:07:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ac1eabde5f834fbbb669acc62395093d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1475-2875 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-17T15:07:10Z |
| publishDate | 2020-01-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Malaria Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-ac1eabde5f834fbbb669acc62395093d2022-12-21T21:43:46ZengBMCMalaria Journal1475-28752020-01-011911710.1186/s12936-020-3098-yRDL mutations in Guangxi Anopheles sinensis populations along the China–Vietnam border: distribution frequency and evolutionary origin of A296S resistance alleleNian Liu0Xiangyang Feng1Xinghui Qiu2State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Centre for Diseases Control and PreventionState Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesAbstract Background Malaria is a deadly vector-borne disease in tropical and subtropical regions. Although indigenous malaria has been eliminated in Guangxi of China, 473 confirmed cases were reported in the Northern region of neighbouring Vietnam in 2014. Considering that frequent population movement occurs across the China–Vietnam border and insecticide resistance is a major obstacle in disease vector control, there is a need to know the genotype and frequency of insecticide resistance alleles in Anopheles sinensis populations along the China–Vietnam border and to take action to prevent the possible migration of insecticide resistance alleles across the border. Methods Two hundred and eight adults of An. sinensis collected from seven locations in Guangxi along the China–Vietnam border were used in the investigation of individual genotypes of the AsRDL gene, which encodes the RDL gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor subunit in An. sinensis. PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis was deployed to genotype codon 345, while direct sequencing of PCR products was conducted to clarify the genotypes for codons 296 and 327 of the AsRDL gene. The genealogical relation of AsRDL haplotypes was analyzed using Network 5.0. Results Three putative insecticide resistance related mutations (A296S, V327I and T345S) were detected in all the seven populations of An. sinensis in Guangxi along the China–Vietnam border. The resistance-conferring A296S mutation was found to be widely distributed and present at notably high frequencies (78.8% to 100%). Relatively lower frequencies of mutations V327I (26.9% to 53.2%) and T345S (0% to 28.8%) were observed. The V327I or T345S always occurred in the presence of A296S. Evolutionary analysis of 21 AsRDL haplotypes indicated multiple origins of the A296S and V327I mutations. Conclusion The resistance A296S allele was present at high frequencies in the An. sinensis populations along the China–Vietnam border, indicating a risk of resistance to insecticides targeting RDL. The double mutations (A296S + V327I) may have evolved from alleles carrying the A296S mutation by scaffolding the additional mutation V327I, and A296S allele may have multiple evolutionary origins. These findings will help inform strategies for vector control and malaria prevention.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-3098-yAnopheles sinensisGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionChina–Vietnam borderInsecticide resistanceRDLGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor |
| spellingShingle | Nian Liu Xiangyang Feng Xinghui Qiu RDL mutations in Guangxi Anopheles sinensis populations along the China–Vietnam border: distribution frequency and evolutionary origin of A296S resistance allele Malaria Journal Anopheles sinensis Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China–Vietnam border Insecticide resistance RDL Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor |
| title | RDL mutations in Guangxi Anopheles sinensis populations along the China–Vietnam border: distribution frequency and evolutionary origin of A296S resistance allele |
| title_full | RDL mutations in Guangxi Anopheles sinensis populations along the China–Vietnam border: distribution frequency and evolutionary origin of A296S resistance allele |
| title_fullStr | RDL mutations in Guangxi Anopheles sinensis populations along the China–Vietnam border: distribution frequency and evolutionary origin of A296S resistance allele |
| title_full_unstemmed | RDL mutations in Guangxi Anopheles sinensis populations along the China–Vietnam border: distribution frequency and evolutionary origin of A296S resistance allele |
| title_short | RDL mutations in Guangxi Anopheles sinensis populations along the China–Vietnam border: distribution frequency and evolutionary origin of A296S resistance allele |
| title_sort | rdl mutations in guangxi anopheles sinensis populations along the china vietnam border distribution frequency and evolutionary origin of a296s resistance allele |
| topic | Anopheles sinensis Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China–Vietnam border Insecticide resistance RDL Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-3098-y |
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