Climatology and modeling of ionospheric irregularities over Greenland based on empirical orthogonal function method
This paper addresses the long-term climatology (over two solar cycles) of total electron content (TEC) irregularities from a polar cap station (Thule) using the rate of change of the TEC index (ROTI). The climatology reveals variabilities over different time scales, i.e., solar cycle, seasonal, and...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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EDP Sciences
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.swsc-journal.org/articles/swsc/full_html/2022/01/swsc210081/swsc210081.html |
| _version_ | 1811227048025260032 |
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| author | Jin Yaqi Clausen Lasse B.N. Miloch Wojciech J. Høeg Per Jarmołowski Wojciech Wielgosz Paweł Paziewski Jacek Milanowska Beata Hoque Mainul Berdermann Jens Lyu Haixia Hernández-Pajares Manuel García-Rigo Alberto |
| author_facet | Jin Yaqi Clausen Lasse B.N. Miloch Wojciech J. Høeg Per Jarmołowski Wojciech Wielgosz Paweł Paziewski Jacek Milanowska Beata Hoque Mainul Berdermann Jens Lyu Haixia Hernández-Pajares Manuel García-Rigo Alberto |
| author_sort | Jin Yaqi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper addresses the long-term climatology (over two solar cycles) of total electron content (TEC) irregularities from a polar cap station (Thule) using the rate of change of the TEC index (ROTI). The climatology reveals variabilities over different time scales, i.e., solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal variations. These variations in different time scales can be explained by different drivers/contributors. The solar activity (represented by the solar radiation index F10.7P) dominates the longest time scale variations. The seasonal variations are controlled by the interplay of the energy input into the polar cap ionosphere and the solar illumination that damps the amplitude of ionospheric irregularities. The diurnal variations (with respect to local time) are controlled by the relative location of the station with respect to the auroral oval. We further decompose the climatology of ionospheric irregularities using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method. The first four EOFs could reflect the majority (99.49%) of the total data variability. A climatological model of ionospheric irregularities is developed by fitting the EOF coefficients using three geophysical proxies (namely, F10.7P, Bt, and Dst). The data-model comparison shows satisfactory results with a high Pearson correlation coefficient and adequate errors. Additionally, we modeled the historical ROTI during the modern grand maximum dating back to 1965 and made the prediction during solar cycle 25. In such a way, we can directly compare the climatic variations of the ROTI activity across six solar cycles. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T09:34:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ac2893d29c774d4fa39a8fdc096449e1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2115-7251 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T09:34:37Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | EDP Sciences |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate |
| spelling | doaj.art-ac2893d29c774d4fa39a8fdc096449e12022-12-22T03:38:15ZengEDP SciencesJournal of Space Weather and Space Climate2115-72512022-01-01122310.1051/swsc/2022022swsc210081Climatology and modeling of ionospheric irregularities over Greenland based on empirical orthogonal function methodJin Yaqi0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0076-9579Clausen Lasse B.N.1Miloch Wojciech J.2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5202-750XHøeg Per3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3172-5587Jarmołowski Wojciech4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7654-458XWielgosz Paweł5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5542-1481Paziewski Jacek6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6033-2547Milanowska Beata7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5558-0001Hoque Mainul8Berdermann Jens9Lyu Haixia10Hernández-Pajares Manuel11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9687-5850García-Rigo Alberto12Department of Physics, University of OsloDepartment of Physics, University of OsloDepartment of Physics, University of OsloDepartment of Physics, University of OsloUniversity of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of GeoengineeringUniversity of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of GeoengineeringUniversity of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of GeoengineeringUniversity of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of GeoengineeringGerman Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute for Solar-Terrestrial PhysicsGerman Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute for Solar-Terrestrial PhysicsGNSS Research Center, Wuhan UniversityDepartment of Mathematics, IonSAT, Universitat Politecnica de CatalunyaDepartment of Mathematics, IonSAT, Universitat Politecnica de CatalunyaThis paper addresses the long-term climatology (over two solar cycles) of total electron content (TEC) irregularities from a polar cap station (Thule) using the rate of change of the TEC index (ROTI). The climatology reveals variabilities over different time scales, i.e., solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal variations. These variations in different time scales can be explained by different drivers/contributors. The solar activity (represented by the solar radiation index F10.7P) dominates the longest time scale variations. The seasonal variations are controlled by the interplay of the energy input into the polar cap ionosphere and the solar illumination that damps the amplitude of ionospheric irregularities. The diurnal variations (with respect to local time) are controlled by the relative location of the station with respect to the auroral oval. We further decompose the climatology of ionospheric irregularities using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method. The first four EOFs could reflect the majority (99.49%) of the total data variability. A climatological model of ionospheric irregularities is developed by fitting the EOF coefficients using three geophysical proxies (namely, F10.7P, Bt, and Dst). The data-model comparison shows satisfactory results with a high Pearson correlation coefficient and adequate errors. Additionally, we modeled the historical ROTI during the modern grand maximum dating back to 1965 and made the prediction during solar cycle 25. In such a way, we can directly compare the climatic variations of the ROTI activity across six solar cycles.https://www.swsc-journal.org/articles/swsc/full_html/2022/01/swsc210081/swsc210081.htmlionospheric irregularitieseofmodelingspace weatherroti |
| spellingShingle | Jin Yaqi Clausen Lasse B.N. Miloch Wojciech J. Høeg Per Jarmołowski Wojciech Wielgosz Paweł Paziewski Jacek Milanowska Beata Hoque Mainul Berdermann Jens Lyu Haixia Hernández-Pajares Manuel García-Rigo Alberto Climatology and modeling of ionospheric irregularities over Greenland based on empirical orthogonal function method Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate ionospheric irregularities eof modeling space weather roti |
| title | Climatology and modeling of ionospheric irregularities over Greenland based on empirical orthogonal function method |
| title_full | Climatology and modeling of ionospheric irregularities over Greenland based on empirical orthogonal function method |
| title_fullStr | Climatology and modeling of ionospheric irregularities over Greenland based on empirical orthogonal function method |
| title_full_unstemmed | Climatology and modeling of ionospheric irregularities over Greenland based on empirical orthogonal function method |
| title_short | Climatology and modeling of ionospheric irregularities over Greenland based on empirical orthogonal function method |
| title_sort | climatology and modeling of ionospheric irregularities over greenland based on empirical orthogonal function method |
| topic | ionospheric irregularities eof modeling space weather roti |
| url | https://www.swsc-journal.org/articles/swsc/full_html/2022/01/swsc210081/swsc210081.html |
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