The Structure, Function, and Mechanisms of Action of Enterovirus Non-structural Protein 2C
Enteroviruses are a group of RNA viruses belonging to the family Picornaviridae. They include human enterovirus groups A, B, C, and D as well as non-human enteroviruses. Enterovirus infections can lead to hand, foot, and mouth disease and herpangina, whose clinical manifestations are often mild, alt...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Microbiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.615965/full |
| _version_ | 1818391437899726848 |
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| author | Shao-Hua Wang Kuan Wang Ke Zhao Shu-Cheng Hua Juan Du Juan Du |
| author_facet | Shao-Hua Wang Kuan Wang Ke Zhao Shu-Cheng Hua Juan Du Juan Du |
| author_sort | Shao-Hua Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Enteroviruses are a group of RNA viruses belonging to the family Picornaviridae. They include human enterovirus groups A, B, C, and D as well as non-human enteroviruses. Enterovirus infections can lead to hand, foot, and mouth disease and herpangina, whose clinical manifestations are often mild, although some strains can result in severe neurological complications such as encephalitis, myocarditis, meningitis, and poliomyelitis. To date, research on enterovirus non-structural proteins has mainly focused on the 2A and 3C proteases and 3D polymerase. However, another non-structural protein, 2C, is the most highly conserved protein, and plays a vital role in the enterovirus life cycle. There are relatively few studies on this protein. Previous studies have demonstrated that enterovirus 2C is involved in virus uncoating, host cell membrane rearrangements, RNA replication, encapsidation, morphogenesis, ATPase, helicase, and chaperoning activities. Despite ongoing research, little is known about the pathogenesis of enterovirus 2C proteins in viral replication or in the host innate immune system. In this review, we discuss and summarize the current understanding of the structure, function, and mechanism of the enterovirus 2C proteins, focusing on the key mutations and motifs involved in viral infection, replication, and immune regulation. We also focus on recent progress in research into the role of 2C proteins in regulating the pattern recognition receptors and type I interferon signaling pathway to facilitate viral replication. Given these functions and mechanisms, the potential application of the 2C proteins as a target for anti-viral drug development is also discussed. Future studies will focus on the determination of more crystal structures of enterovirus 2C proteins, which might provide more potential targets for anti-viral drug development against enterovirus infections. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T05:13:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ac4c6867445a4112821b48735b7411ca |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-302X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T05:13:31Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-ac4c6867445a4112821b48735b7411ca2022-12-21T23:15:54ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2020-12-011110.3389/fmicb.2020.615965615965The Structure, Function, and Mechanisms of Action of Enterovirus Non-structural Protein 2CShao-Hua Wang0Kuan Wang1Ke Zhao2Shu-Cheng Hua3Juan Du4Juan Du5Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaDepartment of Neurotrauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaInstitute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaDepartment of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaInstitute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaKey Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaEnteroviruses are a group of RNA viruses belonging to the family Picornaviridae. They include human enterovirus groups A, B, C, and D as well as non-human enteroviruses. Enterovirus infections can lead to hand, foot, and mouth disease and herpangina, whose clinical manifestations are often mild, although some strains can result in severe neurological complications such as encephalitis, myocarditis, meningitis, and poliomyelitis. To date, research on enterovirus non-structural proteins has mainly focused on the 2A and 3C proteases and 3D polymerase. However, another non-structural protein, 2C, is the most highly conserved protein, and plays a vital role in the enterovirus life cycle. There are relatively few studies on this protein. Previous studies have demonstrated that enterovirus 2C is involved in virus uncoating, host cell membrane rearrangements, RNA replication, encapsidation, morphogenesis, ATPase, helicase, and chaperoning activities. Despite ongoing research, little is known about the pathogenesis of enterovirus 2C proteins in viral replication or in the host innate immune system. In this review, we discuss and summarize the current understanding of the structure, function, and mechanism of the enterovirus 2C proteins, focusing on the key mutations and motifs involved in viral infection, replication, and immune regulation. We also focus on recent progress in research into the role of 2C proteins in regulating the pattern recognition receptors and type I interferon signaling pathway to facilitate viral replication. Given these functions and mechanisms, the potential application of the 2C proteins as a target for anti-viral drug development is also discussed. Future studies will focus on the determination of more crystal structures of enterovirus 2C proteins, which might provide more potential targets for anti-viral drug development against enterovirus infections.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.615965/fullenterovirus2C proteinstructurefunctionhost immune responsetype I IFNs |
| spellingShingle | Shao-Hua Wang Kuan Wang Ke Zhao Shu-Cheng Hua Juan Du Juan Du The Structure, Function, and Mechanisms of Action of Enterovirus Non-structural Protein 2C Frontiers in Microbiology enterovirus 2C protein structure function host immune response type I IFNs |
| title | The Structure, Function, and Mechanisms of Action of Enterovirus Non-structural Protein 2C |
| title_full | The Structure, Function, and Mechanisms of Action of Enterovirus Non-structural Protein 2C |
| title_fullStr | The Structure, Function, and Mechanisms of Action of Enterovirus Non-structural Protein 2C |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Structure, Function, and Mechanisms of Action of Enterovirus Non-structural Protein 2C |
| title_short | The Structure, Function, and Mechanisms of Action of Enterovirus Non-structural Protein 2C |
| title_sort | structure function and mechanisms of action of enterovirus non structural protein 2c |
| topic | enterovirus 2C protein structure function host immune response type I IFNs |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.615965/full |
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