<i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C, CO<sub>2</sub> ∕ <sup>3</sup>He and <sup>3</sup>He ∕ <sup>4</sup>He ratios reveal the presence of mantle gas in the CO<sub>2</sub>-rich groundwaters of the Ardennes massif (Spa, Belgium)
<p>Although natural <span class="inline-formula">CO<sub>2</sub></span>-rich groundwaters of eastern Belgium have been known for centuries, the exact origin of their gas is still unclear. This paper presents the results of a sampling campaign in Belgium (Spa, S...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |
| Online Access: | https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/26/2637/2022/hess-26-2637-2022.pdf |
| _version_ | 1828216059909373952 |
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| author | A. Defourny A. Defourny P.-H. Blard P.-H. Blard L. Zimmermann P. Jobé A. Collignon F. Nguyen A. Dassargues |
| author_facet | A. Defourny A. Defourny P.-H. Blard P.-H. Blard L. Zimmermann P. Jobé A. Collignon F. Nguyen A. Dassargues |
| author_sort | A. Defourny |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Although natural <span class="inline-formula">CO<sub>2</sub></span>-rich groundwaters of eastern Belgium have been known for centuries, the exact origin of their gas is still unclear. This paper presents the results of a sampling campaign in Belgium (Spa, Stoumont, Malmedy): 30 samples of both carbogaseous and non-carbogaseous groundwaters were analyzed for major elements, <span class="inline-formula">CO<sub>2</sub></span> content and carbon isotopic composition. Among them, 13 samples were also analyzed for <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M14" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">He</mi><msup><mo>/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">He</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="46pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="9c8b2c5dfd0c647564f754850b5dfe5f"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="hess-26-2637-2022-ie00007.svg" width="46pt" height="15pt" src="hess-26-2637-2022-ie00007.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> and <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M15" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">He</mi><msup><mo>/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">20</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">Ne</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="50pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="877fe8fe08d544d09b18224d0748b4eb"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="hess-26-2637-2022-ie00008.svg" width="50pt" height="15pt" src="hess-26-2637-2022-ie00008.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> ratios. The combination of <span class="inline-formula"><i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C</span> (between ca. <span class="inline-formula">−9 ‰</span> VPDB<span class="note-anchor" id="fna_Ch1.Footn1"><a href="#fn_Ch1.Footn1"><sup>1</sup></a></span> and <span class="inline-formula">−2 ‰</span> VPDB), <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M19" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub><msup><mo>/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">He</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="48pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="f571d99770c11306333b27ed5ca30b11"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="hess-26-2637-2022-ie00009.svg" width="48pt" height="16pt" src="hess-26-2637-2022-ie00009.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> ratio (between <span class="inline-formula">1.9×10<sup>8</sup></span> and <span class="inline-formula">2.9×10<sup>9</sup></span>) and <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M22" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">He</mi><msup><mo>/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">He</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="46pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="5e8bb6b618862902b1a0e7bf75a65b08"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="hess-26-2637-2022-ie00010.svg" width="46pt" height="15pt" src="hess-26-2637-2022-ie00010.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> (between 0.92 and 2.70 Ra) shows with a high level of confidence that the <span class="inline-formula">CO<sub>2</sub></span> in the carbogaseous groundwater of Spa and Bru has a mantle origin. It can likely be attributed to the degassing of mantle from the neighboring Eifel volcanic fields, located at a distance of
100 km eastwards.</p>
<p>The identity and nature of the deep-rooted fractures that act as <span class="inline-formula">CO<sub>2</sub></span> transport pathways to the surface are still to be clarified, but several major thrust faults exist in the Rhenish Massif and could connect the Eifel volcanic fields with the studied area.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T15:28:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ac56ffce3e88447a865a72caf7ad1171 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1027-5606 1607-7938 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T15:28:19Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-ac56ffce3e88447a865a72caf7ad11712022-12-22T03:27:12ZengCopernicus PublicationsHydrology and Earth System Sciences1027-56061607-79382022-05-01262637264810.5194/hess-26-2637-2022<i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C, CO<sub>2</sub> ∕ <sup>3</sup>He and <sup>3</sup>He ∕ <sup>4</sup>He ratios reveal the presence of mantle gas in the CO<sub>2</sub>-rich groundwaters of the Ardennes massif (Spa, Belgium)A. Defourny0A. Defourny1P.-H. Blard2P.-H. Blard3L. Zimmermann4P. Jobé5A. Collignon6F. Nguyen7A. Dassargues8Urban and Environmental Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, BelgiumWater Resource Department, Spadel S.A., Spa, BelgiumCentre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7358, Nancy, FranceLaboratoire de Glaciologie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, BelgiumCentre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7358, Nancy, FranceWater Resource Department, Spadel S.A., Spa, BelgiumWater Resource Department, Spadel S.A., Spa, BelgiumUrban and Environmental Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, BelgiumUrban and Environmental Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium<p>Although natural <span class="inline-formula">CO<sub>2</sub></span>-rich groundwaters of eastern Belgium have been known for centuries, the exact origin of their gas is still unclear. This paper presents the results of a sampling campaign in Belgium (Spa, Stoumont, Malmedy): 30 samples of both carbogaseous and non-carbogaseous groundwaters were analyzed for major elements, <span class="inline-formula">CO<sub>2</sub></span> content and carbon isotopic composition. Among them, 13 samples were also analyzed for <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M14" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">He</mi><msup><mo>/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">He</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="46pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="9c8b2c5dfd0c647564f754850b5dfe5f"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="hess-26-2637-2022-ie00007.svg" width="46pt" height="15pt" src="hess-26-2637-2022-ie00007.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> and <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M15" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">He</mi><msup><mo>/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">20</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">Ne</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="50pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="877fe8fe08d544d09b18224d0748b4eb"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="hess-26-2637-2022-ie00008.svg" width="50pt" height="15pt" src="hess-26-2637-2022-ie00008.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> ratios. The combination of <span class="inline-formula"><i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C</span> (between ca. <span class="inline-formula">−9 ‰</span> VPDB<span class="note-anchor" id="fna_Ch1.Footn1"><a href="#fn_Ch1.Footn1"><sup>1</sup></a></span> and <span class="inline-formula">−2 ‰</span> VPDB), <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M19" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub><msup><mo>/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">He</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="48pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="f571d99770c11306333b27ed5ca30b11"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="hess-26-2637-2022-ie00009.svg" width="48pt" height="16pt" src="hess-26-2637-2022-ie00009.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> ratio (between <span class="inline-formula">1.9×10<sup>8</sup></span> and <span class="inline-formula">2.9×10<sup>9</sup></span>) and <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M22" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">He</mi><msup><mo>/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">He</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="46pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="5e8bb6b618862902b1a0e7bf75a65b08"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="hess-26-2637-2022-ie00010.svg" width="46pt" height="15pt" src="hess-26-2637-2022-ie00010.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> (between 0.92 and 2.70 Ra) shows with a high level of confidence that the <span class="inline-formula">CO<sub>2</sub></span> in the carbogaseous groundwater of Spa and Bru has a mantle origin. It can likely be attributed to the degassing of mantle from the neighboring Eifel volcanic fields, located at a distance of 100 km eastwards.</p> <p>The identity and nature of the deep-rooted fractures that act as <span class="inline-formula">CO<sub>2</sub></span> transport pathways to the surface are still to be clarified, but several major thrust faults exist in the Rhenish Massif and could connect the Eifel volcanic fields with the studied area.</p>https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/26/2637/2022/hess-26-2637-2022.pdf |
| spellingShingle | A. Defourny A. Defourny P.-H. Blard P.-H. Blard L. Zimmermann P. Jobé A. Collignon F. Nguyen A. Dassargues <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C, CO<sub>2</sub> ∕ <sup>3</sup>He and <sup>3</sup>He ∕ <sup>4</sup>He ratios reveal the presence of mantle gas in the CO<sub>2</sub>-rich groundwaters of the Ardennes massif (Spa, Belgium) Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |
| title | <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C, CO<sub>2</sub> ∕ <sup>3</sup>He and <sup>3</sup>He ∕ <sup>4</sup>He ratios reveal the presence of mantle gas in the CO<sub>2</sub>-rich groundwaters of the Ardennes massif (Spa, Belgium) |
| title_full | <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C, CO<sub>2</sub> ∕ <sup>3</sup>He and <sup>3</sup>He ∕ <sup>4</sup>He ratios reveal the presence of mantle gas in the CO<sub>2</sub>-rich groundwaters of the Ardennes massif (Spa, Belgium) |
| title_fullStr | <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C, CO<sub>2</sub> ∕ <sup>3</sup>He and <sup>3</sup>He ∕ <sup>4</sup>He ratios reveal the presence of mantle gas in the CO<sub>2</sub>-rich groundwaters of the Ardennes massif (Spa, Belgium) |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C, CO<sub>2</sub> ∕ <sup>3</sup>He and <sup>3</sup>He ∕ <sup>4</sup>He ratios reveal the presence of mantle gas in the CO<sub>2</sub>-rich groundwaters of the Ardennes massif (Spa, Belgium) |
| title_short | <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C, CO<sub>2</sub> ∕ <sup>3</sup>He and <sup>3</sup>He ∕ <sup>4</sup>He ratios reveal the presence of mantle gas in the CO<sub>2</sub>-rich groundwaters of the Ardennes massif (Spa, Belgium) |
| title_sort | i δ i sup 13 sup c co sub 2 sub thinsp thinsp sup 3 sup he and sup 3 sup he thinsp thinsp sup 4 sup he ratios reveal the presence of mantle gas in the co sub 2 sub rich groundwaters of the ardennes massif spa belgium |
| url | https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/26/2637/2022/hess-26-2637-2022.pdf |
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