The Effects of Immediate vs Gradual Reduction in Nicotine Content of Cigarettes on Smoking Behavior: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study
BackgroundIn recent years, much research has examined the effects of various interventions and treatments for smoking cessation. The results suggest that interventions targeting changes of nicotine content can help smokers reduce tobacco use or quit smoking. A number of clinical studies show that sm...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Psychiatry |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.884605/full |
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| author | Qianling Li Qianling Li Xijing Chen Xiuli Li Monika Gorowska Monika Gorowska Zimin Li Zimin Li Yonghui Li Yonghui Li |
| author_facet | Qianling Li Qianling Li Xijing Chen Xiuli Li Monika Gorowska Monika Gorowska Zimin Li Zimin Li Yonghui Li Yonghui Li |
| author_sort | Qianling Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundIn recent years, much research has examined the effects of various interventions and treatments for smoking cessation. The results suggest that interventions targeting changes of nicotine content can help smokers reduce tobacco use or quit smoking. A number of clinical studies show that smokers who received an immediate reduction in nicotine content to very low levels have significantly greater reductions in the number of cigarettes smoked and toxic substance exposure compared to those with gradual reductions. However, from the perspective of smoking craving, whether the immediate and gradual reduction in nicotine content reduce smoking by reducing cravings needs further investigation.Methods74 eligible Participants were randomly allocated to one of the two experimental conditions: (1) immediate reduction to 0.1 mg of nicotine per cigarette (n = 40); (2) gradual reduction from 1.0 (0.8 g ~ 1.2 mg) to 0.1 mg of nicotine per cigarette (n = 34). All participants completed 1-week baseline period during which they smoked their usual cigarette, followed by 16-week of interventions. The primary outcomes included cigarette cravings and number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD); secondary outcomes included the number of cigarette-free day and emotional states.ResultsAmong the 52 participants [51 (98.1%) men; mean (SD) age, 33.44 (6.71) years; mean (SD) CPD, 16.83 (9.94)] who completed the trial, significantly lower cravings for cigarettes were observed in the immediate (n = 25) vs. gradual nicotine reduction group (n = 27) in the morning (t = −2.072, p = 0.039) and after dinner (t = –2.056, p = 0.041). Compared with the baseline daily smoking, the number of cigarettes smoked per day was significantly reduced at the beginning of week 12 in the immediate nicotine reduction group (p = 0.001) and at week 16 in the gradual nicotine reduction group (p < 0.001). The number of participants with any cigarette-free day was not significantly different between the groups (p = 0.198). The number of cigarette-free days was significantly more in the immediate vs. gradual nicotine reduction group (p = 0.027).ConclusionsThe significantly lower cravings were observed in the immediate vs. gradual nicotine reduction group, and led to faster reduction in the number of CPD, and a significant increase in the number of cigarette-free days. These findings add to the evidence base for reduced nicotine content in cigarettes.Clinical Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: ChiCTR2100048216. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T09:10:12Z |
| format | Article |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T09:10:12Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-ac6e478579dc4ade9554758ad2ee78d52022-12-22T02:52:54ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychiatry1664-06402022-05-011310.3389/fpsyt.2022.884605884605The Effects of Immediate vs Gradual Reduction in Nicotine Content of Cigarettes on Smoking Behavior: An Ecological Momentary Assessment StudyQianling Li0Qianling Li1Xijing Chen2Xiuli Li3Monika Gorowska4Monika Gorowska5Zimin Li6Zimin Li7Yonghui Li8Yonghui Li9Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, ChinaYiDu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaBackgroundIn recent years, much research has examined the effects of various interventions and treatments for smoking cessation. The results suggest that interventions targeting changes of nicotine content can help smokers reduce tobacco use or quit smoking. A number of clinical studies show that smokers who received an immediate reduction in nicotine content to very low levels have significantly greater reductions in the number of cigarettes smoked and toxic substance exposure compared to those with gradual reductions. However, from the perspective of smoking craving, whether the immediate and gradual reduction in nicotine content reduce smoking by reducing cravings needs further investigation.Methods74 eligible Participants were randomly allocated to one of the two experimental conditions: (1) immediate reduction to 0.1 mg of nicotine per cigarette (n = 40); (2) gradual reduction from 1.0 (0.8 g ~ 1.2 mg) to 0.1 mg of nicotine per cigarette (n = 34). All participants completed 1-week baseline period during which they smoked their usual cigarette, followed by 16-week of interventions. The primary outcomes included cigarette cravings and number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD); secondary outcomes included the number of cigarette-free day and emotional states.ResultsAmong the 52 participants [51 (98.1%) men; mean (SD) age, 33.44 (6.71) years; mean (SD) CPD, 16.83 (9.94)] who completed the trial, significantly lower cravings for cigarettes were observed in the immediate (n = 25) vs. gradual nicotine reduction group (n = 27) in the morning (t = −2.072, p = 0.039) and after dinner (t = –2.056, p = 0.041). Compared with the baseline daily smoking, the number of cigarettes smoked per day was significantly reduced at the beginning of week 12 in the immediate nicotine reduction group (p = 0.001) and at week 16 in the gradual nicotine reduction group (p < 0.001). The number of participants with any cigarette-free day was not significantly different between the groups (p = 0.198). The number of cigarette-free days was significantly more in the immediate vs. gradual nicotine reduction group (p = 0.027).ConclusionsThe significantly lower cravings were observed in the immediate vs. gradual nicotine reduction group, and led to faster reduction in the number of CPD, and a significant increase in the number of cigarette-free days. These findings add to the evidence base for reduced nicotine content in cigarettes.Clinical Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: ChiCTR2100048216.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.884605/fullimmediate nicotine reductiongradual nicotine reductioncravingsmoking behaviorecological momentary assessment |
| spellingShingle | Qianling Li Qianling Li Xijing Chen Xiuli Li Monika Gorowska Monika Gorowska Zimin Li Zimin Li Yonghui Li Yonghui Li The Effects of Immediate vs Gradual Reduction in Nicotine Content of Cigarettes on Smoking Behavior: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study Frontiers in Psychiatry immediate nicotine reduction gradual nicotine reduction craving smoking behavior ecological momentary assessment |
| title | The Effects of Immediate vs Gradual Reduction in Nicotine Content of Cigarettes on Smoking Behavior: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study |
| title_full | The Effects of Immediate vs Gradual Reduction in Nicotine Content of Cigarettes on Smoking Behavior: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study |
| title_fullStr | The Effects of Immediate vs Gradual Reduction in Nicotine Content of Cigarettes on Smoking Behavior: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effects of Immediate vs Gradual Reduction in Nicotine Content of Cigarettes on Smoking Behavior: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study |
| title_short | The Effects of Immediate vs Gradual Reduction in Nicotine Content of Cigarettes on Smoking Behavior: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study |
| title_sort | effects of immediate vs gradual reduction in nicotine content of cigarettes on smoking behavior an ecological momentary assessment study |
| topic | immediate nicotine reduction gradual nicotine reduction craving smoking behavior ecological momentary assessment |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.884605/full |
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