Pharmacognostic Evaluation and HPLC–PDA and HS–SPME/GC–MS Metabolomic Profiling of <i>Eleutherococcus senticosus</i> Fruits
<i>Eleutherococcus senticosus</i> (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim. is a medicinal plant used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for thousands of years. However, due to the overexploitation, this species is considered to be endangered and is included in the Red List, e.g., in the Republic of K...
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| author | Filip Graczyk Maciej Strzemski Maciej Balcerek Weronika Kozłowska Barbara Mazurek Michał Karakuła Ireneusz Sowa Aneta A. Ptaszyńska Daniel Załuski |
| author_facet | Filip Graczyk Maciej Strzemski Maciej Balcerek Weronika Kozłowska Barbara Mazurek Michał Karakuła Ireneusz Sowa Aneta A. Ptaszyńska Daniel Załuski |
| author_sort | Filip Graczyk |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Eleutherococcus senticosus</i> (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim. is a medicinal plant used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for thousands of years. However, due to the overexploitation, this species is considered to be endangered and is included in the Red List, e.g., in the Republic of Korea. Therefore, a new source of this important plant in Europe is needed. The aim of this study was to develop pharmacognostic and phytochemical parameters of the fruits. The content of polyphenols (eleutherosides B, E, E1) and phenolic acids in the different parts of the fruits, as well as tocopherols, fatty acids in the oil, and volatile constituents were studied by the means of chromatographic techniques [HPLC with Photodiode-Array Detection (PDA), headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS–SPME/GC–MS)]. To the best of our knowledge, no information is available on the content of eleutherosides and phenolic acids in the pericarp and seeds. The highest sum of eleutheroside B and E was detected in the whole fruits (1.4 mg/g), next in the pericarp (1.23 mg/g) and the seeds (0.85 mg/g). Amongst chlorogenic acid derivatives (3-CQA, 4-CQA, 5-CQA), 3-CQA was predominant in the whole fruits (1.08 mg/g), next in the pericarp (0.66 mg/g), and the seeds (0.076 mg/g). The oil was rich in linoleic acid (C18:3 (n-3), 18.24%), ursolic acid (35.72 mg/g), and α-tocopherol (8.36 mg/g). The presence of druses and yellow oil droplets in the inner zone of the mesocarp and chromoplasts in the outer zone can be used as anatomical markers. These studies provide a phytochemical proof for accumulation of polyphenols mainly in the pericarp, and these structures may be taken into consideration as their source subjected to extraction to obtain polyphenol-rich extracts. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:44:47Z |
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| id | doaj.art-ac803b5d4cc54ecd8755de6d5bb8ea07 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:44:47Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-ac803b5d4cc54ecd8755de6d5bb8ea072023-11-21T13:36:39ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-03-01267196910.3390/molecules26071969Pharmacognostic Evaluation and HPLC–PDA and HS–SPME/GC–MS Metabolomic Profiling of <i>Eleutherococcus senticosus</i> FruitsFilip Graczyk0Maciej Strzemski1Maciej Balcerek2Weronika Kozłowska3Barbara Mazurek4Michał Karakuła5Ireneusz Sowa6Aneta A. Ptaszyńska7Daniel Załuski8Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Pharmacognosy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Marie Curie-Skłodowska 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, PolandDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Pharmaceutical Botany and Pharmacognosy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Marie Curie-Skłodowska 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, PolandDepartment of Pharmaceutical Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, PolandAnalytical Department, New Chemical Syntheses Institute, Aleja Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 13a, 24-110 Puławy, PolandDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 Str., 20-033 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Pharmaceutical Botany and Pharmacognosy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Marie Curie-Skłodowska 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland<i>Eleutherococcus senticosus</i> (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim. is a medicinal plant used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for thousands of years. However, due to the overexploitation, this species is considered to be endangered and is included in the Red List, e.g., in the Republic of Korea. Therefore, a new source of this important plant in Europe is needed. The aim of this study was to develop pharmacognostic and phytochemical parameters of the fruits. The content of polyphenols (eleutherosides B, E, E1) and phenolic acids in the different parts of the fruits, as well as tocopherols, fatty acids in the oil, and volatile constituents were studied by the means of chromatographic techniques [HPLC with Photodiode-Array Detection (PDA), headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS–SPME/GC–MS)]. To the best of our knowledge, no information is available on the content of eleutherosides and phenolic acids in the pericarp and seeds. The highest sum of eleutheroside B and E was detected in the whole fruits (1.4 mg/g), next in the pericarp (1.23 mg/g) and the seeds (0.85 mg/g). Amongst chlorogenic acid derivatives (3-CQA, 4-CQA, 5-CQA), 3-CQA was predominant in the whole fruits (1.08 mg/g), next in the pericarp (0.66 mg/g), and the seeds (0.076 mg/g). The oil was rich in linoleic acid (C18:3 (n-3), 18.24%), ursolic acid (35.72 mg/g), and α-tocopherol (8.36 mg/g). The presence of druses and yellow oil droplets in the inner zone of the mesocarp and chromoplasts in the outer zone can be used as anatomical markers. These studies provide a phytochemical proof for accumulation of polyphenols mainly in the pericarp, and these structures may be taken into consideration as their source subjected to extraction to obtain polyphenol-rich extracts.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/7/1969<i>Eleutherococcus senticosus</i>fruitseleutherosidesnutri-pharmacologicalmetabolomicsherbs |
| spellingShingle | Filip Graczyk Maciej Strzemski Maciej Balcerek Weronika Kozłowska Barbara Mazurek Michał Karakuła Ireneusz Sowa Aneta A. Ptaszyńska Daniel Załuski Pharmacognostic Evaluation and HPLC–PDA and HS–SPME/GC–MS Metabolomic Profiling of <i>Eleutherococcus senticosus</i> Fruits Molecules <i>Eleutherococcus senticosus</i> fruits eleutherosides nutri-pharmacological metabolomics herbs |
| title | Pharmacognostic Evaluation and HPLC–PDA and HS–SPME/GC–MS Metabolomic Profiling of <i>Eleutherococcus senticosus</i> Fruits |
| title_full | Pharmacognostic Evaluation and HPLC–PDA and HS–SPME/GC–MS Metabolomic Profiling of <i>Eleutherococcus senticosus</i> Fruits |
| title_fullStr | Pharmacognostic Evaluation and HPLC–PDA and HS–SPME/GC–MS Metabolomic Profiling of <i>Eleutherococcus senticosus</i> Fruits |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pharmacognostic Evaluation and HPLC–PDA and HS–SPME/GC–MS Metabolomic Profiling of <i>Eleutherococcus senticosus</i> Fruits |
| title_short | Pharmacognostic Evaluation and HPLC–PDA and HS–SPME/GC–MS Metabolomic Profiling of <i>Eleutherococcus senticosus</i> Fruits |
| title_sort | pharmacognostic evaluation and hplc pda and hs spme gc ms metabolomic profiling of i eleutherococcus senticosus i fruits |
| topic | <i>Eleutherococcus senticosus</i> fruits eleutherosides nutri-pharmacological metabolomics herbs |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/7/1969 |
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