Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Derivatives: A Review of Microbial and Other Production Methods
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is widely used across the world as a nutraceutical and pharmaceutical. Its high demand and potential limitations in current methods of extraction call for an alternative method of production. This review highlights glycosaminoglycan’s structure, its medical significance, ani...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Fermentation |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/8/7/323 |
| _version_ | 1797433614957281280 |
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| author | Adeola E. Awofiranye Jon Hudson Aditi Dey Tithi Robert J. Linhardt Wanwipa Vongsangnak Mattheos A. G. Koffas |
| author_facet | Adeola E. Awofiranye Jon Hudson Aditi Dey Tithi Robert J. Linhardt Wanwipa Vongsangnak Mattheos A. G. Koffas |
| author_sort | Adeola E. Awofiranye |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is widely used across the world as a nutraceutical and pharmaceutical. Its high demand and potential limitations in current methods of extraction call for an alternative method of production. This review highlights glycosaminoglycan’s structure, its medical significance, animal extraction source, and the disadvantages of the extraction process. We cover alternative production strategies for CS and its precursor, chondroitin. We highlight chemical synthesis, chemoenzymatic synthesis, and extensively discuss how strains have been successfully metabolically engineered to synthesize chondroitin and chondroitin sulfate. We present microbial engineering as the best option for modern chondroitin and CS production. We also explore the biosynthetic pathway for chondroitin production in multiple microbes such as <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, and <i>Corynebacterium glutamicum</i>. Lastly, we outline how the manipulation of pathway genes has led to the biosynthesis of chondroitin derivatives. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:19:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ac8a12cde3ab44a29cf128d7081efaf5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2311-5637 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:19:31Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Fermentation |
| spelling | doaj.art-ac8a12cde3ab44a29cf128d7081efaf52023-12-01T22:08:20ZengMDPI AGFermentation2311-56372022-07-018732310.3390/fermentation8070323Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Derivatives: A Review of Microbial and Other Production MethodsAdeola E. Awofiranye0Jon Hudson1Aditi Dey Tithi2Robert J. Linhardt3Wanwipa Vongsangnak4Mattheos A. G. Koffas5Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USADepartment of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USADepartment of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USADepartment of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USADepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USAChondroitin sulfate (CS) is widely used across the world as a nutraceutical and pharmaceutical. Its high demand and potential limitations in current methods of extraction call for an alternative method of production. This review highlights glycosaminoglycan’s structure, its medical significance, animal extraction source, and the disadvantages of the extraction process. We cover alternative production strategies for CS and its precursor, chondroitin. We highlight chemical synthesis, chemoenzymatic synthesis, and extensively discuss how strains have been successfully metabolically engineered to synthesize chondroitin and chondroitin sulfate. We present microbial engineering as the best option for modern chondroitin and CS production. We also explore the biosynthetic pathway for chondroitin production in multiple microbes such as <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, and <i>Corynebacterium glutamicum</i>. Lastly, we outline how the manipulation of pathway genes has led to the biosynthesis of chondroitin derivatives.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/8/7/323chondroitin sulfateextractionoligosaccharidesmicrobial synthesischondroitinbiosynthetic pathway |
| spellingShingle | Adeola E. Awofiranye Jon Hudson Aditi Dey Tithi Robert J. Linhardt Wanwipa Vongsangnak Mattheos A. G. Koffas Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Derivatives: A Review of Microbial and Other Production Methods Fermentation chondroitin sulfate extraction oligosaccharides microbial synthesis chondroitin biosynthetic pathway |
| title | Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Derivatives: A Review of Microbial and Other Production Methods |
| title_full | Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Derivatives: A Review of Microbial and Other Production Methods |
| title_fullStr | Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Derivatives: A Review of Microbial and Other Production Methods |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Derivatives: A Review of Microbial and Other Production Methods |
| title_short | Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Derivatives: A Review of Microbial and Other Production Methods |
| title_sort | chondroitin sulfate and its derivatives a review of microbial and other production methods |
| topic | chondroitin sulfate extraction oligosaccharides microbial synthesis chondroitin biosynthetic pathway |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/8/7/323 |
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