Remembering the earthquake: intrusive memories of disaster in a rural Italian community
Background: Disasters can have long-lasting impacts on mental health. Intrusive memories have been found to be common and persistent in the aftermath of earthquakes. Objective: To explore, using diaries, intrusive memories’ presence, content, characteristics, and relationship with probable post-trau...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Taylor & Francis Group
2022-07-01
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| Series: | European Journal of Psychotraumatology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2022.2068909 |
| _version_ | 1797895787355570176 |
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| author | Alessandro Massazza Helene Joffe Elinor Parrott Chris R. Brewin |
| author_facet | Alessandro Massazza Helene Joffe Elinor Parrott Chris R. Brewin |
| author_sort | Alessandro Massazza |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Disasters can have long-lasting impacts on mental health. Intrusive memories have been found to be common and persistent in the aftermath of earthquakes. Objective: To explore, using diaries, intrusive memories’ presence, content, characteristics, and relationship with probable post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a small rural community exposed to mass destruction and loss of life. Methods: Survivors of the 2016–2017 Central Italy earthquakes (N = 104) were first interviewed to investigate the presence of intrusive memories of the disaster. Those that reported intrusive memories were subsequently asked to complete a 7-day paper-and-pen diary tracking their spontaneous memories of the earthquake events. Results: Twenty months after the earthquakes, 49% (n = 51) of the sample reported having experienced intrusive memories post-earthquake and 38% (n = 39) reported at least one intrusive memory in their diaries. Memories were rated as being distressing, vivid, and experienced as a mixture of images and thoughts. The content of intrusive memories generally focused on sensations and experiences during the earthquake. Other common categories of content were the material environment and physical objects as well as human loss & death. Several memories had a social focus. A minority of memories contained more positive content as well as content from before and after the earthquake. Some participants (28%) experienced repeated intrusive memories of the same content. Memories of participants with and without probable PTSD did not significantly differ on characteristics or content. Conclusions: Intrusive memories can be common, distressing, and persistent occurrences following disasters, even in survivors not suffering from probable PTSD. Highlights Intrusive memories were common, distressing, and vivid more than 1-year post-disaster. They captured peri-earthquake sensations, material destruction, death, and social interactions. No difference in content or characteristics was found between participants with and without probable PTSD. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T07:31:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ac9612d31fbc4498b40c78029506e220 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2000-8066 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T07:31:12Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | European Journal of Psychotraumatology |
| spelling | doaj.art-ac9612d31fbc4498b40c78029506e2202023-02-23T15:58:11ZengTaylor & Francis GroupEuropean Journal of Psychotraumatology2000-80662022-07-0113110.1080/20008198.2022.20689092068909Remembering the earthquake: intrusive memories of disaster in a rural Italian communityAlessandro Massazza0Helene Joffe1Elinor Parrott2Chris R. Brewin3London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineUniversity College LondonUniversity College LondonUniversity College LondonBackground: Disasters can have long-lasting impacts on mental health. Intrusive memories have been found to be common and persistent in the aftermath of earthquakes. Objective: To explore, using diaries, intrusive memories’ presence, content, characteristics, and relationship with probable post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a small rural community exposed to mass destruction and loss of life. Methods: Survivors of the 2016–2017 Central Italy earthquakes (N = 104) were first interviewed to investigate the presence of intrusive memories of the disaster. Those that reported intrusive memories were subsequently asked to complete a 7-day paper-and-pen diary tracking their spontaneous memories of the earthquake events. Results: Twenty months after the earthquakes, 49% (n = 51) of the sample reported having experienced intrusive memories post-earthquake and 38% (n = 39) reported at least one intrusive memory in their diaries. Memories were rated as being distressing, vivid, and experienced as a mixture of images and thoughts. The content of intrusive memories generally focused on sensations and experiences during the earthquake. Other common categories of content were the material environment and physical objects as well as human loss & death. Several memories had a social focus. A minority of memories contained more positive content as well as content from before and after the earthquake. Some participants (28%) experienced repeated intrusive memories of the same content. Memories of participants with and without probable PTSD did not significantly differ on characteristics or content. Conclusions: Intrusive memories can be common, distressing, and persistent occurrences following disasters, even in survivors not suffering from probable PTSD. Highlights Intrusive memories were common, distressing, and vivid more than 1-year post-disaster. They captured peri-earthquake sensations, material destruction, death, and social interactions. No difference in content or characteristics was found between participants with and without probable PTSD.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2022.2068909intrusive memoriesptsddisasterdiary2016–2017 central italy earthquakes |
| spellingShingle | Alessandro Massazza Helene Joffe Elinor Parrott Chris R. Brewin Remembering the earthquake: intrusive memories of disaster in a rural Italian community European Journal of Psychotraumatology intrusive memories ptsd disaster diary 2016–2017 central italy earthquakes |
| title | Remembering the earthquake: intrusive memories of disaster in a rural Italian community |
| title_full | Remembering the earthquake: intrusive memories of disaster in a rural Italian community |
| title_fullStr | Remembering the earthquake: intrusive memories of disaster in a rural Italian community |
| title_full_unstemmed | Remembering the earthquake: intrusive memories of disaster in a rural Italian community |
| title_short | Remembering the earthquake: intrusive memories of disaster in a rural Italian community |
| title_sort | remembering the earthquake intrusive memories of disaster in a rural italian community |
| topic | intrusive memories ptsd disaster diary 2016–2017 central italy earthquakes |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2022.2068909 |
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