Sex Differences, Genetic and Environmental Influences on Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by dilatation of the left ventricle and impaired systolic function and is the second most common cause of heart failure after coronary heart disease. The etiology of DCM is diverse including genetic pathogenic variants, infection, inflammation, autoimmun...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2289 |
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| author | Angita Jain Nadine Norton Katelyn A. Bruno Leslie T. Cooper Paldeep S. Atwal DeLisa Fairweather |
| author_facet | Angita Jain Nadine Norton Katelyn A. Bruno Leslie T. Cooper Paldeep S. Atwal DeLisa Fairweather |
| author_sort | Angita Jain |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by dilatation of the left ventricle and impaired systolic function and is the second most common cause of heart failure after coronary heart disease. The etiology of DCM is diverse including genetic pathogenic variants, infection, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, exposure to chemicals/toxins as well as endocrine and neuromuscular causes. DCM is inherited in 20–50% of cases where more than 30 genes have been implicated in the development of DCM with pathogenic variants in <i>TTN</i> (Titin) most frequently associated with disease. Even though male sex is a risk factor for heart failure, few studies have examined sex differences in the pathogenesis of DCM. We searched the literature for studies examining idiopathic or familial/genetic DCM that reported data by sex in order to determine the sex ratio of disease. We found 31 studies that reported data by sex for non-genetic DCM with an average overall sex ratio of 2.5:1 male to female and 7 studies for familial/genetic DCM with an overall average sex ratio of 1.7:1 male to female. No manuscripts that we found had more females than males in their studies. We describe basic and clinical research findings that may explain the increase in DCM in males over females based on sex differences in basic physiology and the immune and fibrotic response to damage caused by mutations, infections, chemotherapy agents and autoimmune responses. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:04:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-acbb0db6e9984e25948640e810c3afb7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:04:40Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-acbb0db6e9984e25948640e810c3afb72023-11-21T21:15:09ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832021-05-011011228910.3390/jcm10112289Sex Differences, Genetic and Environmental Influences on Dilated CardiomyopathyAngita Jain0Nadine Norton1Katelyn A. Bruno2Leslie T. Cooper3Paldeep S. Atwal4DeLisa Fairweather5Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USADepartment of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USADepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USADepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USAGenomic and Personalized Medicine, Atwal Clinic, 214 Brazilian Avenue, Suite 230, Palm Beach, FL 33480, USADepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USADilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by dilatation of the left ventricle and impaired systolic function and is the second most common cause of heart failure after coronary heart disease. The etiology of DCM is diverse including genetic pathogenic variants, infection, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, exposure to chemicals/toxins as well as endocrine and neuromuscular causes. DCM is inherited in 20–50% of cases where more than 30 genes have been implicated in the development of DCM with pathogenic variants in <i>TTN</i> (Titin) most frequently associated with disease. Even though male sex is a risk factor for heart failure, few studies have examined sex differences in the pathogenesis of DCM. We searched the literature for studies examining idiopathic or familial/genetic DCM that reported data by sex in order to determine the sex ratio of disease. We found 31 studies that reported data by sex for non-genetic DCM with an average overall sex ratio of 2.5:1 male to female and 7 studies for familial/genetic DCM with an overall average sex ratio of 1.7:1 male to female. No manuscripts that we found had more females than males in their studies. We describe basic and clinical research findings that may explain the increase in DCM in males over females based on sex differences in basic physiology and the immune and fibrotic response to damage caused by mutations, infections, chemotherapy agents and autoimmune responses.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2289dilated cardiomyopathyfamilial dilated cardiomyopathyidiopathic dilated cardiomyopathysex differencessex ratiopathogenesis |
| spellingShingle | Angita Jain Nadine Norton Katelyn A. Bruno Leslie T. Cooper Paldeep S. Atwal DeLisa Fairweather Sex Differences, Genetic and Environmental Influences on Dilated Cardiomyopathy Journal of Clinical Medicine dilated cardiomyopathy familial dilated cardiomyopathy idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy sex differences sex ratio pathogenesis |
| title | Sex Differences, Genetic and Environmental Influences on Dilated Cardiomyopathy |
| title_full | Sex Differences, Genetic and Environmental Influences on Dilated Cardiomyopathy |
| title_fullStr | Sex Differences, Genetic and Environmental Influences on Dilated Cardiomyopathy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sex Differences, Genetic and Environmental Influences on Dilated Cardiomyopathy |
| title_short | Sex Differences, Genetic and Environmental Influences on Dilated Cardiomyopathy |
| title_sort | sex differences genetic and environmental influences on dilated cardiomyopathy |
| topic | dilated cardiomyopathy familial dilated cardiomyopathy idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy sex differences sex ratio pathogenesis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2289 |
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