Prevalence and Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome among Non-Diabetic Saudi Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
(1) Introduction: given the high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Saudi Arabia, especially in Jeddah, this study aims to understand the dietary and lifestyle-related risk factors among Jeddah’s non-diabetic adults. (2) Material and Methods: Employing a cross-sectional design, non-diabetic...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/12/3242 |
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| author | Basmah Eldakhakhny Sumia Enani Hanan Jambi Ghada Ajabnoor Jawaher Al-Ahmadi Rajaa Al-Raddadi Lubna Alsheikh Wesam H. Abdulaal Hoda Gad Anwar Borai Suhad Bahijri Jaakko Tuomilehto |
| author_facet | Basmah Eldakhakhny Sumia Enani Hanan Jambi Ghada Ajabnoor Jawaher Al-Ahmadi Rajaa Al-Raddadi Lubna Alsheikh Wesam H. Abdulaal Hoda Gad Anwar Borai Suhad Bahijri Jaakko Tuomilehto |
| author_sort | Basmah Eldakhakhny |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | (1) Introduction: given the high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Saudi Arabia, especially in Jeddah, this study aims to understand the dietary and lifestyle-related risk factors among Jeddah’s non-diabetic adults. (2) Material and Methods: Employing a cross-sectional design, non-diabetic adults were sourced from public healthcare centers. Demographics, lifestyle, and dietary habits were surveyed. Blood pressure, anthropometrics, and fasting blood samples measuring plasma glucose, serum triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol were collected. The age cut-off for MetS was ascertained using the receiver operating characteristic curve. Variables influencing MetS were evaluated using univariate logistic regression, and consequential factors underwent multivariate analysis, adjusted for age and sex. (3) Results: Among 1339 participants, 16% had MetS, with age being the strongest predictor (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The optimal age cut-off was 32 years. For those <32, elevated BP in men and waist circumference (WC) in women were most prevalent. For those >32, elevated WC was dominant in both sexes. Univariate logistic regression revealed that higher income and education correlated with lower MetS prevalence, while marriage and smoking were risk factors. Adjusting for age and sex, only very high income had a significant low-risk association (<i>p</i> = 0.034). (4) Conclusion: MetS is notable in the studied group, with age as the pivotal predictor. High income reduces MetS risk, while marital status and smoking could increase it. Since this was a cross-sectional study, cohort studies are needed to validate our findings. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:58:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-acc6dcd6931a4e56b0223b6d012b4e11 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:58:55Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-acc6dcd6931a4e56b0223b6d012b4e112023-12-22T13:55:04ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592023-12-011112324210.3390/biomedicines11123242Prevalence and Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome among Non-Diabetic Saudi Adults: A Cross-Sectional StudyBasmah Eldakhakhny0Sumia Enani1Hanan Jambi2Ghada Ajabnoor3Jawaher Al-Ahmadi4Rajaa Al-Raddadi5Lubna Alsheikh6Wesam H. Abdulaal7Hoda Gad8Anwar Borai9Suhad Bahijri10Jaakko Tuomilehto11Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Diabetes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Diabetes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Diabetes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Diabetes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Diabetes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Diabetes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia(1) Introduction: given the high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Saudi Arabia, especially in Jeddah, this study aims to understand the dietary and lifestyle-related risk factors among Jeddah’s non-diabetic adults. (2) Material and Methods: Employing a cross-sectional design, non-diabetic adults were sourced from public healthcare centers. Demographics, lifestyle, and dietary habits were surveyed. Blood pressure, anthropometrics, and fasting blood samples measuring plasma glucose, serum triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol were collected. The age cut-off for MetS was ascertained using the receiver operating characteristic curve. Variables influencing MetS were evaluated using univariate logistic regression, and consequential factors underwent multivariate analysis, adjusted for age and sex. (3) Results: Among 1339 participants, 16% had MetS, with age being the strongest predictor (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The optimal age cut-off was 32 years. For those <32, elevated BP in men and waist circumference (WC) in women were most prevalent. For those >32, elevated WC was dominant in both sexes. Univariate logistic regression revealed that higher income and education correlated with lower MetS prevalence, while marriage and smoking were risk factors. Adjusting for age and sex, only very high income had a significant low-risk association (<i>p</i> = 0.034). (4) Conclusion: MetS is notable in the studied group, with age as the pivotal predictor. High income reduces MetS risk, while marital status and smoking could increase it. Since this was a cross-sectional study, cohort studies are needed to validate our findings.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/12/3242metabolic syndrometype 2 diabetesBMI |
| spellingShingle | Basmah Eldakhakhny Sumia Enani Hanan Jambi Ghada Ajabnoor Jawaher Al-Ahmadi Rajaa Al-Raddadi Lubna Alsheikh Wesam H. Abdulaal Hoda Gad Anwar Borai Suhad Bahijri Jaakko Tuomilehto Prevalence and Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome among Non-Diabetic Saudi Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Biomedicines metabolic syndrome type 2 diabetes BMI |
| title | Prevalence and Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome among Non-Diabetic Saudi Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_full | Prevalence and Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome among Non-Diabetic Saudi Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence and Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome among Non-Diabetic Saudi Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence and Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome among Non-Diabetic Saudi Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_short | Prevalence and Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome among Non-Diabetic Saudi Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_sort | prevalence and factors associated with metabolic syndrome among non diabetic saudi adults a cross sectional study |
| topic | metabolic syndrome type 2 diabetes BMI |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/12/3242 |
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