Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Eight Diurnal Hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): New Insights into the Origin and Evolution of Diurnalism in Sphingids
In this study, the mitochondrial genomes of 22 species from three subfamilies in the Sphingidae were sequenced, assembled, and annotated. Eight diurnal hawkmoths were included, of which six were newly sequenced (<i>Hemaris radians</i>, <i>Macroglossum bombylans</i>, <i>...
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Insects |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/10/887 |
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| author | Yi-Xin Huang Zhi-Ping Xing Hao Zhang Zhen-Bang Xu Li-Long Tao Hao-Yuan Hu Ian J. Kitching Xu Wang |
| author_facet | Yi-Xin Huang Zhi-Ping Xing Hao Zhang Zhen-Bang Xu Li-Long Tao Hao-Yuan Hu Ian J. Kitching Xu Wang |
| author_sort | Yi-Xin Huang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, the mitochondrial genomes of 22 species from three subfamilies in the Sphingidae were sequenced, assembled, and annotated. Eight diurnal hawkmoths were included, of which six were newly sequenced (<i>Hemaris radians</i>, <i>Macroglossum bombylans</i>, <i>M. fritzei</i>, <i>M. pyrrhosticta</i>, <i>Neogurelca himachala</i>, and <i>Sataspes xylocoparis</i>) and two were previously published (<i>Cephonodes hylas</i> and <i>Macroglossum stellatarum</i>). The mitochondrial genomes of these eight diurnal hawkmoths were comparatively analyzed in terms of sequence length, nucleotide composition, relative synonymous codon usage, non-synonymous/synonymous substitution ratio, gene spacing, and repeat sequences. The mitogenomes of the eight species, ranging in length from 15,201 to 15,461 bp, encode the complete set of 37 genes usually found in animal mitogenomes. The base composition of the mitochondrial genomes showed A+T bias. The most commonly used codons were UUA (Leu), AUU (Ile), UUU (Phe), AUA (Met), and AAU (Asn), whereas GCG (Ala) and CCG (Pro) were rarely used. A phylogenetic tree of Sphingidae was constructed based on both maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. We verified the monophyly of the four current subfamilies of Sphingidae, all of which had high support. In addition, we performed divergence time estimation and ancestral character reconstruction analyses. Diurnal behavior in hawkmoths originated 29.19 million years ago (Mya). It may have been influenced by the combination of herbaceous flourishing, which occurred 26–28 Mya, the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the large-scale evolution of bats in the Oligocene to Pre-Miocene. Moreover, diurnalism in hawkmoths had multiple independent origins in Sphingidae. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:04:04Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4450 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:04:04Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
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| series | Insects |
| spelling | doaj.art-acd479a7d666486eb7612f037d6231982023-11-24T00:37:44ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502022-09-01131088710.3390/insects13100887Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Eight Diurnal Hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): New Insights into the Origin and Evolution of Diurnalism in SphingidsYi-Xin Huang0Zhi-Ping Xing1Hao Zhang2Zhen-Bang Xu3Li-Long Tao4Hao-Yuan Hu5Ian J. Kitching6Xu Wang7Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, ChinaAnhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, ChinaInstitute of Resource Plants, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, ChinaAnhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, ChinaNatural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UKKey Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, ChinaIn this study, the mitochondrial genomes of 22 species from three subfamilies in the Sphingidae were sequenced, assembled, and annotated. Eight diurnal hawkmoths were included, of which six were newly sequenced (<i>Hemaris radians</i>, <i>Macroglossum bombylans</i>, <i>M. fritzei</i>, <i>M. pyrrhosticta</i>, <i>Neogurelca himachala</i>, and <i>Sataspes xylocoparis</i>) and two were previously published (<i>Cephonodes hylas</i> and <i>Macroglossum stellatarum</i>). The mitochondrial genomes of these eight diurnal hawkmoths were comparatively analyzed in terms of sequence length, nucleotide composition, relative synonymous codon usage, non-synonymous/synonymous substitution ratio, gene spacing, and repeat sequences. The mitogenomes of the eight species, ranging in length from 15,201 to 15,461 bp, encode the complete set of 37 genes usually found in animal mitogenomes. The base composition of the mitochondrial genomes showed A+T bias. The most commonly used codons were UUA (Leu), AUU (Ile), UUU (Phe), AUA (Met), and AAU (Asn), whereas GCG (Ala) and CCG (Pro) were rarely used. A phylogenetic tree of Sphingidae was constructed based on both maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. We verified the monophyly of the four current subfamilies of Sphingidae, all of which had high support. In addition, we performed divergence time estimation and ancestral character reconstruction analyses. Diurnal behavior in hawkmoths originated 29.19 million years ago (Mya). It may have been influenced by the combination of herbaceous flourishing, which occurred 26–28 Mya, the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the large-scale evolution of bats in the Oligocene to Pre-Miocene. Moreover, diurnalism in hawkmoths had multiple independent origins in Sphingidae.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/10/887Sphingidaemitophylogenomicsdiurnal behaviorancestral character reconstructiondivergence time estimation |
| spellingShingle | Yi-Xin Huang Zhi-Ping Xing Hao Zhang Zhen-Bang Xu Li-Long Tao Hao-Yuan Hu Ian J. Kitching Xu Wang Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Eight Diurnal Hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): New Insights into the Origin and Evolution of Diurnalism in Sphingids Insects Sphingidae mitophylogenomics diurnal behavior ancestral character reconstruction divergence time estimation |
| title | Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Eight Diurnal Hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): New Insights into the Origin and Evolution of Diurnalism in Sphingids |
| title_full | Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Eight Diurnal Hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): New Insights into the Origin and Evolution of Diurnalism in Sphingids |
| title_fullStr | Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Eight Diurnal Hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): New Insights into the Origin and Evolution of Diurnalism in Sphingids |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Eight Diurnal Hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): New Insights into the Origin and Evolution of Diurnalism in Sphingids |
| title_short | Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Eight Diurnal Hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): New Insights into the Origin and Evolution of Diurnalism in Sphingids |
| title_sort | characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of eight diurnal hawkmoths lepidoptera sphingidae new insights into the origin and evolution of diurnalism in sphingids |
| topic | Sphingidae mitophylogenomics diurnal behavior ancestral character reconstruction divergence time estimation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/10/887 |
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