Effects of Preparation Conditions on the Efficiency of Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Generation Based on Ni(II)-Modified Cd<sub>0</sub>.<sub>25</sub>Zn<sub>0</sub>.<sub>75</sub>S Photocatalysts
Hydrogen as an environmentally friendly fuel can be produced by photocatalytic procedures from aqueous systems, utilizing H<sub>2</sub>S, an industrial side-product, by conversion and storage of renewable solar energy. Although composites of CdS and ZnS prepared by co-precipitation are v...
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/13/4296 |
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| author | Maali-Amel Mersel Lajos Fodor Péter Pekker Éva Makó Ottó Horváth |
| author_facet | Maali-Amel Mersel Lajos Fodor Péter Pekker Éva Makó Ottó Horváth |
| author_sort | Maali-Amel Mersel |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hydrogen as an environmentally friendly fuel can be produced by photocatalytic procedures from aqueous systems, utilizing H<sub>2</sub>S, an industrial side-product, by conversion and storage of renewable solar energy. Although composites of CdS and ZnS prepared by co-precipitation are very efficient in heterogeneous photocatalytic H<sub>2</sub> generation, the optimal conditions for their synthesis and the effects of the various influencing factors are still not fully clarified. In this work, we investigated how the efficiency of Cd<sub>0</sub>.<sub>25</sub>Zn<sub>0</sub>.<sub>75</sub>S composites modified with Ni(II) was affected by the doping method, Ni-content, hydrothermal treatment, and presence of a complexing agent (ammonia) used in the preparation. The composition, optical, and structural properties of the photocatalysts prepared were determined by ICP, DRS, XRD, TEM, and STEM-EDS. Although hydrothermal treatment proved preferable for Ni-free composites, Ni-modification was more efficient for untreated composites precipitated from ammonia-containing media. The best efficiency (14.9% quantum yield at 380 nm irradiation, 109.8 mmol/g/h hydrogen evolution rate) achieved by surface modification with 0.1–0.3% Ni(II) was 15% and 20% better than those for hydrothermally treated catalyst and similarly prepared Pt-modified one, respectively. Structural characterization of the composites clearly confirmed that the Ni<sup>2+</sup> ions were not embedded into the CdS-ZnS crystal lattice but were enriched on the surface of particles of the original catalyst in the form of NiO or Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>. This co-catalyst increased the efficiency by electron-trapping, but its too high amount caused an opposite effect by diminishing the excitable surface of the CdS-ZnS particles. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:26:35Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-acf23a9318294fefb655d428cbff64142023-12-01T21:37:03ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-07-012713429610.3390/molecules27134296Effects of Preparation Conditions on the Efficiency of Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Generation Based on Ni(II)-Modified Cd<sub>0</sub>.<sub>25</sub>Zn<sub>0</sub>.<sub>75</sub>S PhotocatalystsMaali-Amel Mersel0Lajos Fodor1Péter Pekker2Éva Makó3Ottó Horváth4Research Group of Environmental and Inorganic Photochemistry, Center for Natural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 1158, H-8210 Veszprém, HungaryResearch Group of Environmental and Inorganic Photochemistry, Center for Natural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 1158, H-8210 Veszprém, HungaryEnvironmental Mineralogy Research Group, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 1158, H-8210 Veszprem, HungaryDepartment of Materials Engineering, Research Center for Engineering Sciences, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 1158, H-8210 Veszprem, HungaryResearch Group of Environmental and Inorganic Photochemistry, Center for Natural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 1158, H-8210 Veszprém, HungaryHydrogen as an environmentally friendly fuel can be produced by photocatalytic procedures from aqueous systems, utilizing H<sub>2</sub>S, an industrial side-product, by conversion and storage of renewable solar energy. Although composites of CdS and ZnS prepared by co-precipitation are very efficient in heterogeneous photocatalytic H<sub>2</sub> generation, the optimal conditions for their synthesis and the effects of the various influencing factors are still not fully clarified. In this work, we investigated how the efficiency of Cd<sub>0</sub>.<sub>25</sub>Zn<sub>0</sub>.<sub>75</sub>S composites modified with Ni(II) was affected by the doping method, Ni-content, hydrothermal treatment, and presence of a complexing agent (ammonia) used in the preparation. The composition, optical, and structural properties of the photocatalysts prepared were determined by ICP, DRS, XRD, TEM, and STEM-EDS. Although hydrothermal treatment proved preferable for Ni-free composites, Ni-modification was more efficient for untreated composites precipitated from ammonia-containing media. The best efficiency (14.9% quantum yield at 380 nm irradiation, 109.8 mmol/g/h hydrogen evolution rate) achieved by surface modification with 0.1–0.3% Ni(II) was 15% and 20% better than those for hydrothermally treated catalyst and similarly prepared Pt-modified one, respectively. Structural characterization of the composites clearly confirmed that the Ni<sup>2+</sup> ions were not embedded into the CdS-ZnS crystal lattice but were enriched on the surface of particles of the original catalyst in the form of NiO or Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>. This co-catalyst increased the efficiency by electron-trapping, but its too high amount caused an opposite effect by diminishing the excitable surface of the CdS-ZnS particles.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/13/4296photocatalysishydrogen generationvisible-light-drivensolar energy conversionZnS-CdS compositeNiS |
| spellingShingle | Maali-Amel Mersel Lajos Fodor Péter Pekker Éva Makó Ottó Horváth Effects of Preparation Conditions on the Efficiency of Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Generation Based on Ni(II)-Modified Cd<sub>0</sub>.<sub>25</sub>Zn<sub>0</sub>.<sub>75</sub>S Photocatalysts Molecules photocatalysis hydrogen generation visible-light-driven solar energy conversion ZnS-CdS composite NiS |
| title | Effects of Preparation Conditions on the Efficiency of Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Generation Based on Ni(II)-Modified Cd<sub>0</sub>.<sub>25</sub>Zn<sub>0</sub>.<sub>75</sub>S Photocatalysts |
| title_full | Effects of Preparation Conditions on the Efficiency of Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Generation Based on Ni(II)-Modified Cd<sub>0</sub>.<sub>25</sub>Zn<sub>0</sub>.<sub>75</sub>S Photocatalysts |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Preparation Conditions on the Efficiency of Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Generation Based on Ni(II)-Modified Cd<sub>0</sub>.<sub>25</sub>Zn<sub>0</sub>.<sub>75</sub>S Photocatalysts |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Preparation Conditions on the Efficiency of Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Generation Based on Ni(II)-Modified Cd<sub>0</sub>.<sub>25</sub>Zn<sub>0</sub>.<sub>75</sub>S Photocatalysts |
| title_short | Effects of Preparation Conditions on the Efficiency of Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Generation Based on Ni(II)-Modified Cd<sub>0</sub>.<sub>25</sub>Zn<sub>0</sub>.<sub>75</sub>S Photocatalysts |
| title_sort | effects of preparation conditions on the efficiency of visible light driven hydrogen generation based on ni ii modified cd sub 0 sub sub 25 sub zn sub 0 sub sub 75 sub s photocatalysts |
| topic | photocatalysis hydrogen generation visible-light-driven solar energy conversion ZnS-CdS composite NiS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/13/4296 |
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