The Multifactorial Progression from the Islet Autoimmunity to Type 1 Diabetes in Children
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) results from autoimmune destruction of insulin producing pancreatic ß-cells. This disease, with a peak incidence in childhood, causes the lifelong need for insulin injections and necessitates careful monitoring of blood glucose levels. However, despite the current insulin thera...
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/14/7493 |
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| author | Witold Bauer Attila Gyenesei Adam Krętowski |
| author_facet | Witold Bauer Attila Gyenesei Adam Krętowski |
| author_sort | Witold Bauer |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) results from autoimmune destruction of insulin producing pancreatic ß-cells. This disease, with a peak incidence in childhood, causes the lifelong need for insulin injections and necessitates careful monitoring of blood glucose levels. However, despite the current insulin therapies, it still shortens life expectancy due to complications affecting multiple organs. Recently, the incidence of T1D in childhood has increased by 3–5% per year in most developed Western countries. The heterogeneity of the disease process is supported by the findings of follow-up studies started early in infancy. The development of T1D is usually preceded by the appearance of autoantibodies targeted against antigens expressed in the pancreatic islets. The risk of T1D increases significantly with an increasing number of positive autoantibodies. The order of autoantibody appearance affects the disease risk. Genetic susceptibility, mainly defined by the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II gene region and environmental factors, is important in the development of islet autoimmunity and T1D. Environmental factors, mainly those linked to the changes in the gut microbiome as well as several pathogens, especially viruses, and diet are key modulators of T1D. The aim of this paper is to expand the understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of T1D in childhood by detailed description and comparison of factors affecting the progression from the islet autoimmunity to T1D in children. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:37:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-acf920bc20964ed794c0e0ec5bf21010 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:37:31Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-acf920bc20964ed794c0e0ec5bf210102023-11-22T03:59:29ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-07-012214749310.3390/ijms22147493The Multifactorial Progression from the Islet Autoimmunity to Type 1 Diabetes in ChildrenWitold Bauer0Attila Gyenesei1Adam Krętowski2Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Białystok, PolandClinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Białystok, PolandClinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Białystok, PolandType 1 Diabetes (T1D) results from autoimmune destruction of insulin producing pancreatic ß-cells. This disease, with a peak incidence in childhood, causes the lifelong need for insulin injections and necessitates careful monitoring of blood glucose levels. However, despite the current insulin therapies, it still shortens life expectancy due to complications affecting multiple organs. Recently, the incidence of T1D in childhood has increased by 3–5% per year in most developed Western countries. The heterogeneity of the disease process is supported by the findings of follow-up studies started early in infancy. The development of T1D is usually preceded by the appearance of autoantibodies targeted against antigens expressed in the pancreatic islets. The risk of T1D increases significantly with an increasing number of positive autoantibodies. The order of autoantibody appearance affects the disease risk. Genetic susceptibility, mainly defined by the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II gene region and environmental factors, is important in the development of islet autoimmunity and T1D. Environmental factors, mainly those linked to the changes in the gut microbiome as well as several pathogens, especially viruses, and diet are key modulators of T1D. The aim of this paper is to expand the understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of T1D in childhood by detailed description and comparison of factors affecting the progression from the islet autoimmunity to T1D in children.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/14/7493type 1 diabetesT1D predictionislet autoantibodiesHLAgut microbiome |
| spellingShingle | Witold Bauer Attila Gyenesei Adam Krętowski The Multifactorial Progression from the Islet Autoimmunity to Type 1 Diabetes in Children International Journal of Molecular Sciences type 1 diabetes T1D prediction islet autoantibodies HLA gut microbiome |
| title | The Multifactorial Progression from the Islet Autoimmunity to Type 1 Diabetes in Children |
| title_full | The Multifactorial Progression from the Islet Autoimmunity to Type 1 Diabetes in Children |
| title_fullStr | The Multifactorial Progression from the Islet Autoimmunity to Type 1 Diabetes in Children |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Multifactorial Progression from the Islet Autoimmunity to Type 1 Diabetes in Children |
| title_short | The Multifactorial Progression from the Islet Autoimmunity to Type 1 Diabetes in Children |
| title_sort | multifactorial progression from the islet autoimmunity to type 1 diabetes in children |
| topic | type 1 diabetes T1D prediction islet autoantibodies HLA gut microbiome |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/14/7493 |
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