Downregulation of GABAARα1 Aggravates Comorbidity of Epilepsy and Migraine via the TLR4 Signaling Pathway
Epilepsy and migraine are among the most prevalent neurological disorders. By being comorbid, the presence of one disorder increases the likelihood of the other. Although several similar clinical features of epilepsy and migraine have been observed as early as the 19th century, only in recent years...
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| author | Yao Lin Man Ding Qiaoyu Gong Zheman Xiao |
| author_facet | Yao Lin Man Ding Qiaoyu Gong Zheman Xiao |
| author_sort | Yao Lin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Epilepsy and migraine are among the most prevalent neurological disorders. By being comorbid, the presence of one disorder increases the likelihood of the other. Although several similar clinical features of epilepsy and migraine have been observed as early as the 19th century, only in recent years have researchers engaged in finding a common pathogenic mechanism between them. In this study, the epilepsy–migraine comorbidity rat model was generated, and the pathophysiological basis of epilepsy–migraine comorbidity was examined. Male rats were divided into four groups: control, migraine, epilepsy, epilepsy–migraine comorbidity. After establishing the models, the amount of scratching and the pain threshold of the rats were observed. Western blot and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the protein expression levels of TLR4 and GABAARα1 in the temporal cortex, hippocampus, trigeminal ganglion, and medullary dorsal horn. Subsequently, co-immunoprecipitation of GABAARα1 and TLR4 was performed. Then, the rats were divided into three groups: comorbidity, comorbidity + TAK-242, and comorbidity + muscimol. After drug intervention, the seizure latency, seizure level, amount of scratching, and pain threshold were observed. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of TLR4 and GABAARα1 in the temporal cortex, hippocampus, trigeminal ganglion, and medullary dorsal horn. Our results demonstrate that the seizure attacks in comorbidity and epilepsy groups performed severely, and the comorbidity and migraine groups displayed a remarkable increase in the amount of head-scratching and a noticeable decrease in the facial mechanical withdrawal threshold. Further analysis revealed considerably increased Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), associated with reduced γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor α1 (GABAARα1) and microglia enhanced in the epilepsy–migraine comorbidity rat. Additionally, co-immunoprecipitation proved GABAARα1 binding TLR4. Following muscimol to activate GABAARα1, seizure attacks and migraine-like behavior were rescued. GABAARα1 level increment was accompanied by the decline of TLR4, while TAK-242, the inhibitor of TLR4, only decreased TLR4 without affecting GABAARα1 expression. It also ameliorated the migraine-like behavior with no impact on seizure activity. We propose that GABAARα1 binding and negatively regulating TLR4 contribute to epilepsy–migraine comorbidity; TLR4 is a critical intermediate link in epilepsy–migraine comorbidity; immune-induced neuroinflammation in microglia may be involved in migraine and epilepsy–migraine comorbidity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:14:28Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3425 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | doaj.art-acfc713fe2404f189ea7740a84866f132023-11-24T03:55:56ZengMDPI AGBrain Sciences2076-34252022-10-011211143610.3390/brainsci12111436Downregulation of GABAARα1 Aggravates Comorbidity of Epilepsy and Migraine via the TLR4 Signaling PathwayYao Lin0Man Ding1Qiaoyu Gong2Zheman Xiao3Department of Neurology, Renming Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, Renming Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, Renming Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, Renming Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, ChinaEpilepsy and migraine are among the most prevalent neurological disorders. By being comorbid, the presence of one disorder increases the likelihood of the other. Although several similar clinical features of epilepsy and migraine have been observed as early as the 19th century, only in recent years have researchers engaged in finding a common pathogenic mechanism between them. In this study, the epilepsy–migraine comorbidity rat model was generated, and the pathophysiological basis of epilepsy–migraine comorbidity was examined. Male rats were divided into four groups: control, migraine, epilepsy, epilepsy–migraine comorbidity. After establishing the models, the amount of scratching and the pain threshold of the rats were observed. Western blot and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the protein expression levels of TLR4 and GABAARα1 in the temporal cortex, hippocampus, trigeminal ganglion, and medullary dorsal horn. Subsequently, co-immunoprecipitation of GABAARα1 and TLR4 was performed. Then, the rats were divided into three groups: comorbidity, comorbidity + TAK-242, and comorbidity + muscimol. After drug intervention, the seizure latency, seizure level, amount of scratching, and pain threshold were observed. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of TLR4 and GABAARα1 in the temporal cortex, hippocampus, trigeminal ganglion, and medullary dorsal horn. Our results demonstrate that the seizure attacks in comorbidity and epilepsy groups performed severely, and the comorbidity and migraine groups displayed a remarkable increase in the amount of head-scratching and a noticeable decrease in the facial mechanical withdrawal threshold. Further analysis revealed considerably increased Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), associated with reduced γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor α1 (GABAARα1) and microglia enhanced in the epilepsy–migraine comorbidity rat. Additionally, co-immunoprecipitation proved GABAARα1 binding TLR4. Following muscimol to activate GABAARα1, seizure attacks and migraine-like behavior were rescued. GABAARα1 level increment was accompanied by the decline of TLR4, while TAK-242, the inhibitor of TLR4, only decreased TLR4 without affecting GABAARα1 expression. It also ameliorated the migraine-like behavior with no impact on seizure activity. We propose that GABAARα1 binding and negatively regulating TLR4 contribute to epilepsy–migraine comorbidity; TLR4 is a critical intermediate link in epilepsy–migraine comorbidity; immune-induced neuroinflammation in microglia may be involved in migraine and epilepsy–migraine comorbidity.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/11/1436animal behaviorcomorbidityepilepsyGABAARα1migraineTLR4 |
| spellingShingle | Yao Lin Man Ding Qiaoyu Gong Zheman Xiao Downregulation of GABAARα1 Aggravates Comorbidity of Epilepsy and Migraine via the TLR4 Signaling Pathway Brain Sciences animal behavior comorbidity epilepsy GABAARα1 migraine TLR4 |
| title | Downregulation of GABAARα1 Aggravates Comorbidity of Epilepsy and Migraine via the TLR4 Signaling Pathway |
| title_full | Downregulation of GABAARα1 Aggravates Comorbidity of Epilepsy and Migraine via the TLR4 Signaling Pathway |
| title_fullStr | Downregulation of GABAARα1 Aggravates Comorbidity of Epilepsy and Migraine via the TLR4 Signaling Pathway |
| title_full_unstemmed | Downregulation of GABAARα1 Aggravates Comorbidity of Epilepsy and Migraine via the TLR4 Signaling Pathway |
| title_short | Downregulation of GABAARα1 Aggravates Comorbidity of Epilepsy and Migraine via the TLR4 Signaling Pathway |
| title_sort | downregulation of gabaarα1 aggravates comorbidity of epilepsy and migraine via the tlr4 signaling pathway |
| topic | animal behavior comorbidity epilepsy GABAARα1 migraine TLR4 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/11/1436 |
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