Physico-Chemical Investigation and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Ozonated Oils: The Case Study of Commercial Ozonated Olive and Sunflower Seed Refined Oils
Drug resistance represents one of the great plagues of our time worldwide. This largely limits the treatment of common infections and requires the development of new antibiotics or other alternative approaches. Noteworthy, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics is mostly responsible for the selection...
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/3/679 |
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| author | Silvia Puxeddu Alessandra Scano Mariano Andrea Scorciapino Ilenia Delogu Sarah Vascellari Guido Ennas Aldo Manzin Fabrizio Angius |
| author_facet | Silvia Puxeddu Alessandra Scano Mariano Andrea Scorciapino Ilenia Delogu Sarah Vascellari Guido Ennas Aldo Manzin Fabrizio Angius |
| author_sort | Silvia Puxeddu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Drug resistance represents one of the great plagues of our time worldwide. This largely limits the treatment of common infections and requires the development of new antibiotics or other alternative approaches. Noteworthy, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics is mostly responsible for the selection of mutations that confer drug resistance to microbes. In this regard, recently, ozone has been raising interest for its unique biological properties when dissolved in natural oils. Ozonated oils have been reported to act in a non-specific way on microorganisms hindering the acquisition of advantageous mutations that result in resistance. Here, we focused on the antimicrobial effect of two commercial olive (OOO) and sunflower seeds (OSO) oils. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and thermal analysis showed the change in the chemical composition of the oils after ozonation treatment. Different ozonated oil concentrations were then used to evaluate their antimicrobial profile against <i>Candida albicans</i>, <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Escherichia coli</i> by agar diffusion and broth dilution methods. Cytotoxicity was also evaluated in keratinocytes and epithelial cells. Overall, our results revealed that both OOO and OSO showed a potent microbicidal effect, especially against <i>C. albicans</i> (IC50 = OOO: 0.3 mg/mL and OSO: 0.2 mg/mL) and <i>E. faecalis</i> (IC50 = OOO: 0.4 mg/mL and OSO: 2.8 mg/mL) albeit exerting a certain effect also against <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>E. coli.</i> Moreover, both OOO and OSO do not yield any relevant cytotoxic effect at the active concentrations in both cell lines. This indicates that the ozonated oils studied are not toxic for mammalian cells despite exerting a potent antimicrobial effect on specific microorganisms. Therefore, OOO and OSO may be considered to integrate standard therapies in the treatment of common infections, likely overcoming drug resistance issues. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T03:52:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ad07198082a2441099be45c58c53e542 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T03:52:02Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-ad07198082a2441099be45c58c53e5422024-02-09T15:19:04ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492024-02-0129367910.3390/molecules29030679Physico-Chemical Investigation and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Ozonated Oils: The Case Study of Commercial Ozonated Olive and Sunflower Seed Refined OilsSilvia Puxeddu0Alessandra Scano1Mariano Andrea Scorciapino2Ilenia Delogu3Sarah Vascellari4Guido Ennas5Aldo Manzin6Fabrizio Angius7Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, ItalyDepartment of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, ItalyDepartment of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, ItalyDepartment of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, ItalyDrug resistance represents one of the great plagues of our time worldwide. This largely limits the treatment of common infections and requires the development of new antibiotics or other alternative approaches. Noteworthy, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics is mostly responsible for the selection of mutations that confer drug resistance to microbes. In this regard, recently, ozone has been raising interest for its unique biological properties when dissolved in natural oils. Ozonated oils have been reported to act in a non-specific way on microorganisms hindering the acquisition of advantageous mutations that result in resistance. Here, we focused on the antimicrobial effect of two commercial olive (OOO) and sunflower seeds (OSO) oils. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and thermal analysis showed the change in the chemical composition of the oils after ozonation treatment. Different ozonated oil concentrations were then used to evaluate their antimicrobial profile against <i>Candida albicans</i>, <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Escherichia coli</i> by agar diffusion and broth dilution methods. Cytotoxicity was also evaluated in keratinocytes and epithelial cells. Overall, our results revealed that both OOO and OSO showed a potent microbicidal effect, especially against <i>C. albicans</i> (IC50 = OOO: 0.3 mg/mL and OSO: 0.2 mg/mL) and <i>E. faecalis</i> (IC50 = OOO: 0.4 mg/mL and OSO: 2.8 mg/mL) albeit exerting a certain effect also against <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>E. coli.</i> Moreover, both OOO and OSO do not yield any relevant cytotoxic effect at the active concentrations in both cell lines. This indicates that the ozonated oils studied are not toxic for mammalian cells despite exerting a potent antimicrobial effect on specific microorganisms. Therefore, OOO and OSO may be considered to integrate standard therapies in the treatment of common infections, likely overcoming drug resistance issues.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/3/679ozoneolive oilsunflower oilantimicrobialozonides |
| spellingShingle | Silvia Puxeddu Alessandra Scano Mariano Andrea Scorciapino Ilenia Delogu Sarah Vascellari Guido Ennas Aldo Manzin Fabrizio Angius Physico-Chemical Investigation and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Ozonated Oils: The Case Study of Commercial Ozonated Olive and Sunflower Seed Refined Oils Molecules ozone olive oil sunflower oil antimicrobial ozonides |
| title | Physico-Chemical Investigation and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Ozonated Oils: The Case Study of Commercial Ozonated Olive and Sunflower Seed Refined Oils |
| title_full | Physico-Chemical Investigation and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Ozonated Oils: The Case Study of Commercial Ozonated Olive and Sunflower Seed Refined Oils |
| title_fullStr | Physico-Chemical Investigation and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Ozonated Oils: The Case Study of Commercial Ozonated Olive and Sunflower Seed Refined Oils |
| title_full_unstemmed | Physico-Chemical Investigation and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Ozonated Oils: The Case Study of Commercial Ozonated Olive and Sunflower Seed Refined Oils |
| title_short | Physico-Chemical Investigation and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Ozonated Oils: The Case Study of Commercial Ozonated Olive and Sunflower Seed Refined Oils |
| title_sort | physico chemical investigation and antimicrobial efficacy of ozonated oils the case study of commercial ozonated olive and sunflower seed refined oils |
| topic | ozone olive oil sunflower oil antimicrobial ozonides |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/3/679 |
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