The energetic storm particle events of 3 November 2021
Observations of energetic particles at interplanetary shocks are important to study acceleration mechanisms and their connection with magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Energetic storm particle (ESP) events are increases in proton fluxes that occur locally at the passage time of interplanetary shocks....
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspas.2023.1209479/full |
| _version_ | 1827891383445225472 |
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| author | Federica Chiappetta Monica Laurenza Fabio Lepreti Fabio Lepreti Simone Benella Giuseppe Consolini Maria Federica Marcucci |
| author_facet | Federica Chiappetta Monica Laurenza Fabio Lepreti Fabio Lepreti Simone Benella Giuseppe Consolini Maria Federica Marcucci |
| author_sort | Federica Chiappetta |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Observations of energetic particles at interplanetary shocks are important to study acceleration mechanisms and their connection with magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Energetic storm particle (ESP) events are increases in proton fluxes that occur locally at the passage time of interplanetary shocks. These events are more dangerous when they are superimposed on the solar energetic particles (SEPs) produced by the eruption of flares and/or CME-driven shocks propagating from the corona to the interplanetary space. We considered ESP events occurring in association with SEPs on 3 November 2021. We used proton fluxes provided by Solar Orbiter (located at 0.85 AU) in the energy range of 30 keV–82 MeV, by Wind at energies from 70 keV to 72 MeV, and ACE in the range from 40 keV to 5 MeV (both located at the Lagrangian point L1, close to 1 AU along the Sun-Earth direction). In order to broaden the range of analyzed energies (40 keV - 72 MeV), we combine these data with the proton fluxes from the SOHO spacecraft, also located at L1. We analyzed the ESP event and fitted the proton energy spectra at both locations with several distributions to shed light on the mechanisms leading to the acceleration of energetic particles. We also investigated the turbulent magnetic field fluctuations around the shock. The obtained ESP spectra, best reproduced by the so-called double power law function, the spectral differences at the two locations, and the shock features (quasi-parallel geometry, enhanced downstream turbulence) suggest that diffusive shock acceleration is responsible for acceleration of low energy particles, whereas stochastic acceleration contributes to the (re) acceleration of high energies ones. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T21:24:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ad0aaf5f74f04fa5bd9fdc18263ea3c2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-987X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T21:24:56Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-ad0aaf5f74f04fa5bd9fdc18263ea3c22023-07-28T10:03:49ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences2296-987X2023-07-011010.3389/fspas.2023.12094791209479The energetic storm particle events of 3 November 2021Federica Chiappetta0Monica Laurenza1Fabio Lepreti2Fabio Lepreti3Simone Benella4Giuseppe Consolini5Maria Federica Marcucci6Department of Physics, Università della Calabria, Rende, ItalyINAF-Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Roma, ItalyDepartment of Physics, Università della Calabria, Rende, ItalyNational Institute for Astrophysics, Scientific Directorate, Roma, ItalyINAF-Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Roma, ItalyINAF-Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Roma, ItalyINAF-Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Roma, ItalyObservations of energetic particles at interplanetary shocks are important to study acceleration mechanisms and their connection with magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Energetic storm particle (ESP) events are increases in proton fluxes that occur locally at the passage time of interplanetary shocks. These events are more dangerous when they are superimposed on the solar energetic particles (SEPs) produced by the eruption of flares and/or CME-driven shocks propagating from the corona to the interplanetary space. We considered ESP events occurring in association with SEPs on 3 November 2021. We used proton fluxes provided by Solar Orbiter (located at 0.85 AU) in the energy range of 30 keV–82 MeV, by Wind at energies from 70 keV to 72 MeV, and ACE in the range from 40 keV to 5 MeV (both located at the Lagrangian point L1, close to 1 AU along the Sun-Earth direction). In order to broaden the range of analyzed energies (40 keV - 72 MeV), we combine these data with the proton fluxes from the SOHO spacecraft, also located at L1. We analyzed the ESP event and fitted the proton energy spectra at both locations with several distributions to shed light on the mechanisms leading to the acceleration of energetic particles. We also investigated the turbulent magnetic field fluctuations around the shock. The obtained ESP spectra, best reproduced by the so-called double power law function, the spectral differences at the two locations, and the shock features (quasi-parallel geometry, enhanced downstream turbulence) suggest that diffusive shock acceleration is responsible for acceleration of low energy particles, whereas stochastic acceleration contributes to the (re) acceleration of high energies ones.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspas.2023.1209479/fullparticle accelerationshock wavessolar energetic particlessolar-terrestrial relationsturbulence |
| spellingShingle | Federica Chiappetta Monica Laurenza Fabio Lepreti Fabio Lepreti Simone Benella Giuseppe Consolini Maria Federica Marcucci The energetic storm particle events of 3 November 2021 Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences particle acceleration shock waves solar energetic particles solar-terrestrial relations turbulence |
| title | The energetic storm particle events of 3 November 2021 |
| title_full | The energetic storm particle events of 3 November 2021 |
| title_fullStr | The energetic storm particle events of 3 November 2021 |
| title_full_unstemmed | The energetic storm particle events of 3 November 2021 |
| title_short | The energetic storm particle events of 3 November 2021 |
| title_sort | energetic storm particle events of 3 november 2021 |
| topic | particle acceleration shock waves solar energetic particles solar-terrestrial relations turbulence |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspas.2023.1209479/full |
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