Current Views on Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Review from the Perspective of Viral Infections, Toll-like Receptors, and Long-Noncoding RNAs
Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a rheumatic disease characterized by sicca and extraglandular symptoms, such as interstitial lung disease and renal tubular acidosis. SS potentially affects the prognosis of patients, especially in cases of complicated extraglandular symptoms; however, only symptomatic the...
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/18/5873 |
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| author | Yoshiro Horai Toshimasa Shimizu Masataka Umeda Shin-Ya Nishihata Hideki Nakamura Atsushi Kawakami |
| author_facet | Yoshiro Horai Toshimasa Shimizu Masataka Umeda Shin-Ya Nishihata Hideki Nakamura Atsushi Kawakami |
| author_sort | Yoshiro Horai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a rheumatic disease characterized by sicca and extraglandular symptoms, such as interstitial lung disease and renal tubular acidosis. SS potentially affects the prognosis of patients, especially in cases of complicated extraglandular symptoms; however, only symptomatic therapies against xerophthalmia and xerostomia are currently included in the practice guidelines as recommended therapies for SS. Considering that SS is presumed to be a multifactorial entity caused by genetic and environmental factors, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary to clarify the whole picture of its pathogenesis and to develop disease-specific therapies for SS. This review discusses past achievements and future prospects for pursuing the pathophysiology and therapeutic targets for SS, especially from the perspectives of viral infections, toll-like receptors (TLRs), long-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and related signals. Based on the emerging roles of viral infections, TLRs, long-noncoding RNAs and related signals, antiviral therapy, hydroxychloroquine, and vitamin D may lower the risk of or mitigate SS. Janus-kinase (JAK) inhibitors are also potential novel therapeutic options for several rheumatic diseases involving the JAK-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways, which are yet to be ascertained in a randomized controlled study targeting SS. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:37:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ad1dca9335154006b96a7d9a6a39398f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:37:28Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-ad1dca9335154006b96a7d9a6a39398f2023-11-19T11:18:35ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832023-09-011218587310.3390/jcm12185873Current Views on Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Review from the Perspective of Viral Infections, Toll-like Receptors, and Long-Noncoding RNAsYoshiro Horai0Toshimasa Shimizu1Masataka Umeda2Shin-Ya Nishihata3Hideki Nakamura4Atsushi Kawakami5Department of Rheumatology, Sasebo City General Hospital, Sasebo 857-8511, JapanDepartment of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, JapanDepartment of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, JapanDepartment of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Ureshino Medical Center, Ureshino 843-0393, JapanDivision of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, JapanDepartment of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, JapanSjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a rheumatic disease characterized by sicca and extraglandular symptoms, such as interstitial lung disease and renal tubular acidosis. SS potentially affects the prognosis of patients, especially in cases of complicated extraglandular symptoms; however, only symptomatic therapies against xerophthalmia and xerostomia are currently included in the practice guidelines as recommended therapies for SS. Considering that SS is presumed to be a multifactorial entity caused by genetic and environmental factors, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary to clarify the whole picture of its pathogenesis and to develop disease-specific therapies for SS. This review discusses past achievements and future prospects for pursuing the pathophysiology and therapeutic targets for SS, especially from the perspectives of viral infections, toll-like receptors (TLRs), long-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and related signals. Based on the emerging roles of viral infections, TLRs, long-noncoding RNAs and related signals, antiviral therapy, hydroxychloroquine, and vitamin D may lower the risk of or mitigate SS. Janus-kinase (JAK) inhibitors are also potential novel therapeutic options for several rheumatic diseases involving the JAK-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways, which are yet to be ascertained in a randomized controlled study targeting SS.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/18/5873interferonJAK/STAT pathwaylong-noncoding RNASjögren’s syndrometoll-like receptorvirus |
| spellingShingle | Yoshiro Horai Toshimasa Shimizu Masataka Umeda Shin-Ya Nishihata Hideki Nakamura Atsushi Kawakami Current Views on Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Review from the Perspective of Viral Infections, Toll-like Receptors, and Long-Noncoding RNAs Journal of Clinical Medicine interferon JAK/STAT pathway long-noncoding RNA Sjögren’s syndrome toll-like receptor virus |
| title | Current Views on Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Review from the Perspective of Viral Infections, Toll-like Receptors, and Long-Noncoding RNAs |
| title_full | Current Views on Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Review from the Perspective of Viral Infections, Toll-like Receptors, and Long-Noncoding RNAs |
| title_fullStr | Current Views on Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Review from the Perspective of Viral Infections, Toll-like Receptors, and Long-Noncoding RNAs |
| title_full_unstemmed | Current Views on Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Review from the Perspective of Viral Infections, Toll-like Receptors, and Long-Noncoding RNAs |
| title_short | Current Views on Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Review from the Perspective of Viral Infections, Toll-like Receptors, and Long-Noncoding RNAs |
| title_sort | current views on pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets in sjogren s syndrome a review from the perspective of viral infections toll like receptors and long noncoding rnas |
| topic | interferon JAK/STAT pathway long-noncoding RNA Sjögren’s syndrome toll-like receptor virus |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/18/5873 |
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