Measles Induced Encephalitis: Recent Interventions to Overcome the Obstacles Encountered in the Management Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic
Encephalitis, a well-known complication of measles, is inflammation of the brain parenchyma which is mostly due to the viral invasion of neurons. It presents with a variety of symptoms ranging from mild to severe depending on the extent of the damaged neurons. The diagnosis is based on clinical symp...
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Diseases |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/10/4/104 |
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| author | Mufaddal Najmuddin Diwan Saba Samad Rabeea Mushtaq Alifiya Aamir Zoha Allahuddin Irfan Ullah Rifayat Ullah Afridi Aneela Ambreen Adel Khan Nimra Ehsan Zoia Ehsan Khattak Antonio Ventriglio Domenico De Berardis |
| author_facet | Mufaddal Najmuddin Diwan Saba Samad Rabeea Mushtaq Alifiya Aamir Zoha Allahuddin Irfan Ullah Rifayat Ullah Afridi Aneela Ambreen Adel Khan Nimra Ehsan Zoia Ehsan Khattak Antonio Ventriglio Domenico De Berardis |
| author_sort | Mufaddal Najmuddin Diwan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Encephalitis, a well-known complication of measles, is inflammation of the brain parenchyma which is mostly due to the viral invasion of neurons. It presents with a variety of symptoms ranging from mild to severe depending on the extent of the damaged neurons. The diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms such as fever, headache, altered level of consciousness, focal neurological deficits, etc. A detailed history and physical examination facilitate the diagnosis. Investigations include blood tests for measles-specific antibodies, CT, MRI, and analysis of the CSF. The management of measles-induced encephalitis mainly revolves around prevention against contracting the disease and providing supportive care if acquired. The administration of the measles vaccine is the major means of preventing this disease in childhood. Two doses are required to achieve sufficient immunity against measles, the first at the age of 12–15 months and the second at 4–6 years of age. Supportive care includes administering acetaminophen for fever, oral rehydrating salt (ORS) for diarrhea and vomiting, antibiotics for otitis media and pneumonia, and using anti-epileptics such as sodium valproate for seizures. Vitamin A can be given to prevent severe effects in children. The specific treatment would depend on the type of encephalitis the patient has developed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:07:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ad1fec138b204e2fa7c458747ffda026 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-9721 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:07:39Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Diseases |
| spelling | doaj.art-ad1fec138b204e2fa7c458747ffda0262023-11-24T14:21:35ZengMDPI AGDiseases2079-97212022-11-0110410410.3390/diseases10040104Measles Induced Encephalitis: Recent Interventions to Overcome the Obstacles Encountered in the Management Amidst the COVID-19 PandemicMufaddal Najmuddin Diwan0Saba Samad1Rabeea Mushtaq2Alifiya Aamir3Zoha Allahuddin4Irfan Ullah5Rifayat Ullah Afridi6Aneela Ambreen7Adel Khan8Nimra Ehsan9Zoia Ehsan Khattak10Antonio Ventriglio11Domenico De Berardis12Dow Medical College, Karachi 75700, PakistanDow Medical College, Karachi 75700, PakistanDow Medical College, Karachi 75700, PakistanDow Medical College, Karachi 75700, PakistanDow Medical College, Karachi 75700, PakistanDepartment of Pediatrics, Naseer Teaching Hospital, Peshawar 25120, PakistanDepartment of Pediatrics, Naseer Teaching Hospital, Peshawar 25120, PakistanDepartment of Pediatrics, Naseer Teaching Hospital, Peshawar 25120, PakistanKhyber Medical College, Peshawar 25120, PakistanKhyber Medical College, Peshawar 25120, PakistanKhyber Medical College, Peshawar 25120, PakistanDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, ItalyDepartment of Psychiatry, Azienda Sanitaria Locale 4, 64100 Teramo, ItalyEncephalitis, a well-known complication of measles, is inflammation of the brain parenchyma which is mostly due to the viral invasion of neurons. It presents with a variety of symptoms ranging from mild to severe depending on the extent of the damaged neurons. The diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms such as fever, headache, altered level of consciousness, focal neurological deficits, etc. A detailed history and physical examination facilitate the diagnosis. Investigations include blood tests for measles-specific antibodies, CT, MRI, and analysis of the CSF. The management of measles-induced encephalitis mainly revolves around prevention against contracting the disease and providing supportive care if acquired. The administration of the measles vaccine is the major means of preventing this disease in childhood. Two doses are required to achieve sufficient immunity against measles, the first at the age of 12–15 months and the second at 4–6 years of age. Supportive care includes administering acetaminophen for fever, oral rehydrating salt (ORS) for diarrhea and vomiting, antibiotics for otitis media and pneumonia, and using anti-epileptics such as sodium valproate for seizures. Vitamin A can be given to prevent severe effects in children. The specific treatment would depend on the type of encephalitis the patient has developed.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/10/4/104encephalitismeaslesCOVID-19preventiontreatment |
| spellingShingle | Mufaddal Najmuddin Diwan Saba Samad Rabeea Mushtaq Alifiya Aamir Zoha Allahuddin Irfan Ullah Rifayat Ullah Afridi Aneela Ambreen Adel Khan Nimra Ehsan Zoia Ehsan Khattak Antonio Ventriglio Domenico De Berardis Measles Induced Encephalitis: Recent Interventions to Overcome the Obstacles Encountered in the Management Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic Diseases encephalitis measles COVID-19 prevention treatment |
| title | Measles Induced Encephalitis: Recent Interventions to Overcome the Obstacles Encountered in the Management Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_full | Measles Induced Encephalitis: Recent Interventions to Overcome the Obstacles Encountered in the Management Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_fullStr | Measles Induced Encephalitis: Recent Interventions to Overcome the Obstacles Encountered in the Management Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_full_unstemmed | Measles Induced Encephalitis: Recent Interventions to Overcome the Obstacles Encountered in the Management Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_short | Measles Induced Encephalitis: Recent Interventions to Overcome the Obstacles Encountered in the Management Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_sort | measles induced encephalitis recent interventions to overcome the obstacles encountered in the management amidst the covid 19 pandemic |
| topic | encephalitis measles COVID-19 prevention treatment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/10/4/104 |
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