| Summary: | The rotational energy of diatomic gases would be activated by the process of intermolecular collisions in high-temperature hypersonic flows. In this paper, a multi-temperature nonlinear coupled constitutive model has been proposed for simulating the transfer of energy between translational and rotational motions in hypersonic non-equilibrium flows. In this model, the nonlinear coupled constitutive equations are modified by introducing a rotational energy relaxation model and a changeable viscosity ratio related to local temperature. To confirm its accuracy, the new model is applied to investigate steady shock wave structures and high-speed gas flows around a cylinder and across a flat plate. The computational results are compared with the multi-temperature Navier–Stokes (NS) equations, the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) solutions, and the experiment data. The final results show the new model would reproduce the NS results at low Knudsen numbers but behave quite differently from the NS results as the non-equilibrium degree is enhanced. The new model is in better agreement with the DSMC solutions and the experimental data than the NS solutions in the far-from-equilibrium regions, which demonstrates the potential of the new relaxation model in the simulation of hypersonic non-equilibrium flows.
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