Source Identification of Trace Elements in PM<sub>2.5</sub> at a Rural Site in the North China Plain
An intensive sampling of PM<sub>2.5</sub> was conducted at a rural site (Gucheng) in the North China Plain from 22 October to 23 November 2016. A total of 25 elements (Al, Na, Cl, Mg, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Sr, Cd, Ba, Pb, and Sb) from PM<sub>2....
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-02-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/2/179 |
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| author | Lei Liu Yusi Liu Wei Wen Linlin Liang Xin Ma Jiao Jiao Kun Guo |
| author_facet | Lei Liu Yusi Liu Wei Wen Linlin Liang Xin Ma Jiao Jiao Kun Guo |
| author_sort | Lei Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | An intensive sampling of PM<sub>2.5</sub> was conducted at a rural site (Gucheng) in the North China Plain from 22 October to 23 November 2016. A total of 25 elements (Al, Na, Cl, Mg, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Sr, Cd, Ba, Pb, and Sb) from PM<sub>2.5</sub> filter samples collected daily were measured using a wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Cl, S, and K were the most abundant elements, with average concentrations of 2077.66 ng m<sup>−3</sup> (range 118.88−4638.96 ng m<sup>−3</sup>), 1748.78 ng m<sup>−3</sup> (range 276.67−4335.59 ng m<sup>−3</sup>), and 1287.07 ng m<sup>−3</sup> (range 254.90−2748.63 ng m<sup>−3</sup>), respectively. Among noncrustal trace metal elements, the concentration of Zn was the highest, with an average of 397.74 ng m<sup>−3</sup> (range 36.45−1602.96 ng m<sup>−3</sup>), followed by Sb and Pb, on average, of 299.20 ng m<sup>−3</sup> and 184.52 ng m<sup>−3</sup>, respectively. The morphologies of PM<sub>2.5</sub> samples were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The shape of the particles was predominantly spherical, chain-like, and irregular. Positive matrix factorization analysis revealed that soil dust, following by industry, secondary formation, vehicle emissions, biomass and waste burning, and coal combustion, were the main sources of PM<sub>2.5</sub>. The results of cluster, potential source contribution function, and concentration weighted trajectory analyses suggested that local emissions from Hebei Province, as well as regional transport from Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, and Shanxi Province, and long-range transport from Inner Mongolia, were the main contributors to PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T00:50:09Z |
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| id | doaj.art-ad3faf2359af4eba9df04e3cd3d69e84 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T00:50:09Z |
| publishDate | 2020-02-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-ad3faf2359af4eba9df04e3cd3d69e842022-12-21T18:44:27ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332020-02-0111217910.3390/atmos11020179atmos11020179Source Identification of Trace Elements in PM<sub>2.5</sub> at a Rural Site in the North China PlainLei Liu0Yusi Liu1Wei Wen2Linlin Liang3Xin Ma4Jiao Jiao5Kun Guo6State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaNational Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, ChinaChinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, ChinaTitan Instruments, Beijing 10015, ChinaAn intensive sampling of PM<sub>2.5</sub> was conducted at a rural site (Gucheng) in the North China Plain from 22 October to 23 November 2016. A total of 25 elements (Al, Na, Cl, Mg, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Sr, Cd, Ba, Pb, and Sb) from PM<sub>2.5</sub> filter samples collected daily were measured using a wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Cl, S, and K were the most abundant elements, with average concentrations of 2077.66 ng m<sup>−3</sup> (range 118.88−4638.96 ng m<sup>−3</sup>), 1748.78 ng m<sup>−3</sup> (range 276.67−4335.59 ng m<sup>−3</sup>), and 1287.07 ng m<sup>−3</sup> (range 254.90−2748.63 ng m<sup>−3</sup>), respectively. Among noncrustal trace metal elements, the concentration of Zn was the highest, with an average of 397.74 ng m<sup>−3</sup> (range 36.45−1602.96 ng m<sup>−3</sup>), followed by Sb and Pb, on average, of 299.20 ng m<sup>−3</sup> and 184.52 ng m<sup>−3</sup>, respectively. The morphologies of PM<sub>2.5</sub> samples were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The shape of the particles was predominantly spherical, chain-like, and irregular. Positive matrix factorization analysis revealed that soil dust, following by industry, secondary formation, vehicle emissions, biomass and waste burning, and coal combustion, were the main sources of PM<sub>2.5</sub>. The results of cluster, potential source contribution function, and concentration weighted trajectory analyses suggested that local emissions from Hebei Province, as well as regional transport from Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, and Shanxi Province, and long-range transport from Inner Mongolia, were the main contributors to PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/2/179trace elementpm<sub>2.5</sub>positive matrix factorizationpotential source region |
| spellingShingle | Lei Liu Yusi Liu Wei Wen Linlin Liang Xin Ma Jiao Jiao Kun Guo Source Identification of Trace Elements in PM<sub>2.5</sub> at a Rural Site in the North China Plain Atmosphere trace element pm<sub>2.5</sub> positive matrix factorization potential source region |
| title | Source Identification of Trace Elements in PM<sub>2.5</sub> at a Rural Site in the North China Plain |
| title_full | Source Identification of Trace Elements in PM<sub>2.5</sub> at a Rural Site in the North China Plain |
| title_fullStr | Source Identification of Trace Elements in PM<sub>2.5</sub> at a Rural Site in the North China Plain |
| title_full_unstemmed | Source Identification of Trace Elements in PM<sub>2.5</sub> at a Rural Site in the North China Plain |
| title_short | Source Identification of Trace Elements in PM<sub>2.5</sub> at a Rural Site in the North China Plain |
| title_sort | source identification of trace elements in pm sub 2 5 sub at a rural site in the north china plain |
| topic | trace element pm<sub>2.5</sub> positive matrix factorization potential source region |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/2/179 |
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