| Summary: | Soil, water, and nutrients depletion may affect sustainable agriculture in some resource-poor areas. Implementing cover crops as a conservation management strategy mitigates the loss of water, soil, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) by introducing vegetation during non-crop seasons or in the spaces between rows instead of leaving the land bare. This study aimed to compare water, soil, various carbon (C) forms, N, and P losses through leaching and surface runoff in orchard fields that were managed with either no-cover crop (NC) or cover crops, including natural grass (NG), Legume grass (LG), Gramineae grass (GG), and a mixture of Legume and Gramineae grass (MG). The findings indicate that cover crop fields exhibited a significant reduction in the runoff by 33–60 %, leaching amount by 33–51 %, soil loss by 30–53 %, and total C, N, and P by 30–48 %, 30–49 %, and 30–38 %, respectively compared to NC fields. Additionally, implementing artificial grass, particularly MG, demonstrated more significant efficacy in mitigating water and soil losses and associated N and P losses. Specifically, MG fields exhibited a 40 % and 18 % reduction in runoff and leaching as well as a reduction in total C, N, and P loss by 7 %, 12 %, and 7 %, respectively, compared to NG fields. The LG field experienced a 50 % more significant N loss than the MG field, whereas the GG runoff exhibited an increase of more than 70 %. Implementing MG coverage has significantly reduced soil erosion and consequent nutrient loss, establishing it as a viable and uncomplicated approach to conserving soil and water in orchards.
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