Confounders in Identification and Analysis of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases
Proinflammatory biomarkers have been increasingly used in epidemiologic and intervention studies over the past decades to evaluate and identify an association of systemic inflammation with cardiovascular diseases. Although there is a strong correlation between the elevated level of inflammatory biom...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/10/1464 |
| _version_ | 1797515237674450944 |
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| author | Qurrat Ul Ain Mehak Sarfraz Gayuk Kalih Prasesti Triwedya Indra Dewi Neng Fisheri Kurniati |
| author_facet | Qurrat Ul Ain Mehak Sarfraz Gayuk Kalih Prasesti Triwedya Indra Dewi Neng Fisheri Kurniati |
| author_sort | Qurrat Ul Ain |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Proinflammatory biomarkers have been increasingly used in epidemiologic and intervention studies over the past decades to evaluate and identify an association of systemic inflammation with cardiovascular diseases. Although there is a strong correlation between the elevated level of inflammatory biomarkers and the pathology of various cardiovascular diseases, the mechanisms of the underlying cause are unclear. Identification of pro-inflammatory biomarkers such as cytokines, chemokines, acute phase proteins, and other soluble immune factors can help in the early diagnosis of disease. The presence of certain confounding factors such as variations in age, sex, socio-economic status, body mass index, medication and other substance use, and medical illness, as well as inconsistencies in methodological practices such as sample collection, assaying, and data cleaning and transformation, may contribute to variations in results. The purpose of the review is to identify and summarize the effect of demographic factors, epidemiological factors, medication use, and analytical and pre-analytical factors with a panel of inflammatory biomarkers CRP, IL-1b, IL-6, TNFa, and the soluble TNF receptors on the concentration of these inflammatory biomarkers in serum. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:42:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ad58d5977b6a4015b4f2dcc384cc01fc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:42:41Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-ad58d5977b6a4015b4f2dcc384cc01fc2023-11-22T17:33:58ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2021-10-011110146410.3390/biom11101464Confounders in Identification and Analysis of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Cardiovascular DiseasesQurrat Ul Ain0Mehak Sarfraz1Gayuk Kalih Prasesti2Triwedya Indra Dewi3Neng Fisheri Kurniati4Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, IndonesiaDepartment of Pharmacy, Comsats University Islamabad Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, PakistanDepartment of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, IndonesiaDepartment of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40124, IndonesiaDepartment of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, IndonesiaProinflammatory biomarkers have been increasingly used in epidemiologic and intervention studies over the past decades to evaluate and identify an association of systemic inflammation with cardiovascular diseases. Although there is a strong correlation between the elevated level of inflammatory biomarkers and the pathology of various cardiovascular diseases, the mechanisms of the underlying cause are unclear. Identification of pro-inflammatory biomarkers such as cytokines, chemokines, acute phase proteins, and other soluble immune factors can help in the early diagnosis of disease. The presence of certain confounding factors such as variations in age, sex, socio-economic status, body mass index, medication and other substance use, and medical illness, as well as inconsistencies in methodological practices such as sample collection, assaying, and data cleaning and transformation, may contribute to variations in results. The purpose of the review is to identify and summarize the effect of demographic factors, epidemiological factors, medication use, and analytical and pre-analytical factors with a panel of inflammatory biomarkers CRP, IL-1b, IL-6, TNFa, and the soluble TNF receptors on the concentration of these inflammatory biomarkers in serum.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/10/1464pro-inflammatory biomarkersconfounding factorsinflammationchemokinescytokinesacute-phase proteins |
| spellingShingle | Qurrat Ul Ain Mehak Sarfraz Gayuk Kalih Prasesti Triwedya Indra Dewi Neng Fisheri Kurniati Confounders in Identification and Analysis of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases Biomolecules pro-inflammatory biomarkers confounding factors inflammation chemokines cytokines acute-phase proteins |
| title | Confounders in Identification and Analysis of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases |
| title_full | Confounders in Identification and Analysis of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases |
| title_fullStr | Confounders in Identification and Analysis of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases |
| title_full_unstemmed | Confounders in Identification and Analysis of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases |
| title_short | Confounders in Identification and Analysis of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases |
| title_sort | confounders in identification and analysis of inflammatory biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases |
| topic | pro-inflammatory biomarkers confounding factors inflammation chemokines cytokines acute-phase proteins |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/10/1464 |
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