Human monkeypox: history, presentations, transmission, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Human monkeypox is a zoonotic infection that is similar to the diseases caused by other poxviruses. It is endemic among wild rodents in the rainforests of Central and Western Africa, and can be transmitted via direct skin contact or mucosal exposure to infected animals. The initial symptoms include...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2023.1157670/full |
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| author | Mahdi Zahmatyar Mahdi Zahmatyar Asra Fazlollahi Asra Fazlollahi Alireza Motamedi Maedeh Zolfi Fatemeh Seyedi Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi Mark J. M. Sullman Mark J. M. Sullman Reza Mohammadinasab Ali-Asghar Kolahi Shahnam Arshi Saeid Safiri Saeid Safiri |
| author_facet | Mahdi Zahmatyar Mahdi Zahmatyar Asra Fazlollahi Asra Fazlollahi Alireza Motamedi Maedeh Zolfi Fatemeh Seyedi Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi Mark J. M. Sullman Mark J. M. Sullman Reza Mohammadinasab Ali-Asghar Kolahi Shahnam Arshi Saeid Safiri Saeid Safiri |
| author_sort | Mahdi Zahmatyar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Human monkeypox is a zoonotic infection that is similar to the diseases caused by other poxviruses. It is endemic among wild rodents in the rainforests of Central and Western Africa, and can be transmitted via direct skin contact or mucosal exposure to infected animals. The initial symptoms include fever, headache, myalgia, fatigue, and lymphadenopathy, the last of which is the main symptom that distinguishes it from smallpox. In order to prevent and manage the disease, those who are infected must be rapidly diagnosed and isolated. Several vaccines have already been developed (e.g., JYNNEOS, ACAM2000 and ACAM3000) and antiviral drugs (e.g., cidofovir and tecovirimat) can also be used to treat the disease. In the present study, we reviewed the history, morphology, clinical presentations, transmission routes, diagnosis, prevention, and potential treatment strategies for monkeypox, in order to enable health authorities and physicians to better deal with this emerging crisis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T22:49:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ad81a321a2844edfb28d0b33452f4102 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-858X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T22:49:18Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-ad81a321a2844edfb28d0b33452f41022023-07-20T16:32:14ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Medicine2296-858X2023-07-011010.3389/fmed.2023.11576701157670Human monkeypox: history, presentations, transmission, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and preventionMahdi Zahmatyar0Mahdi Zahmatyar1Asra Fazlollahi2Asra Fazlollahi3Alireza Motamedi4Maedeh Zolfi5Fatemeh Seyedi6Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi7Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi8Mark J. M. Sullman9Mark J. M. Sullman10Reza Mohammadinasab11Ali-Asghar Kolahi12Shahnam Arshi13Saeid Safiri14Saeid Safiri15Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranNeurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranNeurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranTuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranNeurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranNeurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranNeurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranAging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranSystematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, IranDepartment of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, CyprusDepartment of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, CyprusDepartment of History of Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran1Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranHuman monkeypox is a zoonotic infection that is similar to the diseases caused by other poxviruses. It is endemic among wild rodents in the rainforests of Central and Western Africa, and can be transmitted via direct skin contact or mucosal exposure to infected animals. The initial symptoms include fever, headache, myalgia, fatigue, and lymphadenopathy, the last of which is the main symptom that distinguishes it from smallpox. In order to prevent and manage the disease, those who are infected must be rapidly diagnosed and isolated. Several vaccines have already been developed (e.g., JYNNEOS, ACAM2000 and ACAM3000) and antiviral drugs (e.g., cidofovir and tecovirimat) can also be used to treat the disease. In the present study, we reviewed the history, morphology, clinical presentations, transmission routes, diagnosis, prevention, and potential treatment strategies for monkeypox, in order to enable health authorities and physicians to better deal with this emerging crisis.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2023.1157670/fullglobalepidemiologypresentationsdiagnosistreatmentprevention |
| spellingShingle | Mahdi Zahmatyar Mahdi Zahmatyar Asra Fazlollahi Asra Fazlollahi Alireza Motamedi Maedeh Zolfi Fatemeh Seyedi Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi Mark J. M. Sullman Mark J. M. Sullman Reza Mohammadinasab Ali-Asghar Kolahi Shahnam Arshi Saeid Safiri Saeid Safiri Human monkeypox: history, presentations, transmission, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention Frontiers in Medicine global epidemiology presentations diagnosis treatment prevention |
| title | Human monkeypox: history, presentations, transmission, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention |
| title_full | Human monkeypox: history, presentations, transmission, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention |
| title_fullStr | Human monkeypox: history, presentations, transmission, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human monkeypox: history, presentations, transmission, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention |
| title_short | Human monkeypox: history, presentations, transmission, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention |
| title_sort | human monkeypox history presentations transmission epidemiology diagnosis treatment and prevention |
| topic | global epidemiology presentations diagnosis treatment prevention |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2023.1157670/full |
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