The Antifungal Potential of Carvacrol against <i>Penicillium Digitatum</i> through <sup>1</sup>H-NMR Based Metabolomics Approach
Carvacrol (5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol), a volatile oil constituent, mainly exists in Labiaceae family plants. Carvacrol has long been studied for its natural antifungal potential and food preservative potential. However, its exact mode of action, especially against <i>Penicillium digitatum<...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2019-05-01
|
| Series: | Applied Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/11/2240 |
| _version_ | 1818331353876267008 |
|---|---|
| author | Chunpeng Wan Yuting Shen Muhammad Farrukh Nisar Wenwen Qi Chuying Chen Jinyin Chen |
| author_facet | Chunpeng Wan Yuting Shen Muhammad Farrukh Nisar Wenwen Qi Chuying Chen Jinyin Chen |
| author_sort | Chunpeng Wan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Carvacrol (5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol), a volatile oil constituent, mainly exists in Labiaceae family plants. Carvacrol has long been studied for its natural antifungal potential and food preservative potential. However, its exact mode of action, especially against <i>Penicillium digitatum</i> (<i>P. digitatum</i>), remains unexplored. Herein, a <sup>1</sup>H-NMR-based metabolomic technique was used to investigate the antifungal mechanism of carvacrol against <i>P. digitatum</i>. The metabolomic profiling data showed that alanine, aspartate, glutamate, and glutathione metabolism were imbalanced in the fungal hyphae. A strong positive correlation was seen between aspartate, glutamate, alanine, and glutamine, with a negative correlation among glutathione and lactate. These metabolic changes revealed that carvacrol-induced oxidative stress had disturbed the energy production and amino acid metabolism of <i>P. digitatum</i>. The current study will improve the understanding of the metabolic changes posed by plant-based fungicides in order to control citrus fruit green mold caused by <i>P. digitatum</i>. Moreover, the study will provide a certain experimental and theoretical basis for the development of novel citrus fruit preservatives. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-13T13:18:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ad9fe086ee1641d1a767732bd7085129 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-13T13:18:30Z |
| publishDate | 2019-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-ad9fe086ee1641d1a767732bd70851292022-12-21T23:44:28ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172019-05-01911224010.3390/app9112240app9112240The Antifungal Potential of Carvacrol against <i>Penicillium Digitatum</i> through <sup>1</sup>H-NMR Based Metabolomics ApproachChunpeng Wan0Yuting Shen1Muhammad Farrukh Nisar2Wenwen Qi3Chuying Chen4Jinyin Chen5Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Non-destructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Non-destructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Non-destructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Non-destructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Non-destructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Non-destructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, ChinaCarvacrol (5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol), a volatile oil constituent, mainly exists in Labiaceae family plants. Carvacrol has long been studied for its natural antifungal potential and food preservative potential. However, its exact mode of action, especially against <i>Penicillium digitatum</i> (<i>P. digitatum</i>), remains unexplored. Herein, a <sup>1</sup>H-NMR-based metabolomic technique was used to investigate the antifungal mechanism of carvacrol against <i>P. digitatum</i>. The metabolomic profiling data showed that alanine, aspartate, glutamate, and glutathione metabolism were imbalanced in the fungal hyphae. A strong positive correlation was seen between aspartate, glutamate, alanine, and glutamine, with a negative correlation among glutathione and lactate. These metabolic changes revealed that carvacrol-induced oxidative stress had disturbed the energy production and amino acid metabolism of <i>P. digitatum</i>. The current study will improve the understanding of the metabolic changes posed by plant-based fungicides in order to control citrus fruit green mold caused by <i>P. digitatum</i>. Moreover, the study will provide a certain experimental and theoretical basis for the development of novel citrus fruit preservatives.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/11/2240amino acid metabolismcarvacrolmetabolomics dataoxidative stress<i>Penicillium digitatum</i> |
| spellingShingle | Chunpeng Wan Yuting Shen Muhammad Farrukh Nisar Wenwen Qi Chuying Chen Jinyin Chen The Antifungal Potential of Carvacrol against <i>Penicillium Digitatum</i> through <sup>1</sup>H-NMR Based Metabolomics Approach Applied Sciences amino acid metabolism carvacrol metabolomics data oxidative stress <i>Penicillium digitatum</i> |
| title | The Antifungal Potential of Carvacrol against <i>Penicillium Digitatum</i> through <sup>1</sup>H-NMR Based Metabolomics Approach |
| title_full | The Antifungal Potential of Carvacrol against <i>Penicillium Digitatum</i> through <sup>1</sup>H-NMR Based Metabolomics Approach |
| title_fullStr | The Antifungal Potential of Carvacrol against <i>Penicillium Digitatum</i> through <sup>1</sup>H-NMR Based Metabolomics Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Antifungal Potential of Carvacrol against <i>Penicillium Digitatum</i> through <sup>1</sup>H-NMR Based Metabolomics Approach |
| title_short | The Antifungal Potential of Carvacrol against <i>Penicillium Digitatum</i> through <sup>1</sup>H-NMR Based Metabolomics Approach |
| title_sort | antifungal potential of carvacrol against i penicillium digitatum i through sup 1 sup h nmr based metabolomics approach |
| topic | amino acid metabolism carvacrol metabolomics data oxidative stress <i>Penicillium digitatum</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/11/2240 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT chunpengwan theantifungalpotentialofcarvacrolagainstipenicilliumdigitatumithroughsup1suphnmrbasedmetabolomicsapproach AT yutingshen theantifungalpotentialofcarvacrolagainstipenicilliumdigitatumithroughsup1suphnmrbasedmetabolomicsapproach AT muhammadfarrukhnisar theantifungalpotentialofcarvacrolagainstipenicilliumdigitatumithroughsup1suphnmrbasedmetabolomicsapproach AT wenwenqi theantifungalpotentialofcarvacrolagainstipenicilliumdigitatumithroughsup1suphnmrbasedmetabolomicsapproach AT chuyingchen theantifungalpotentialofcarvacrolagainstipenicilliumdigitatumithroughsup1suphnmrbasedmetabolomicsapproach AT jinyinchen theantifungalpotentialofcarvacrolagainstipenicilliumdigitatumithroughsup1suphnmrbasedmetabolomicsapproach AT chunpengwan antifungalpotentialofcarvacrolagainstipenicilliumdigitatumithroughsup1suphnmrbasedmetabolomicsapproach AT yutingshen antifungalpotentialofcarvacrolagainstipenicilliumdigitatumithroughsup1suphnmrbasedmetabolomicsapproach AT muhammadfarrukhnisar antifungalpotentialofcarvacrolagainstipenicilliumdigitatumithroughsup1suphnmrbasedmetabolomicsapproach AT wenwenqi antifungalpotentialofcarvacrolagainstipenicilliumdigitatumithroughsup1suphnmrbasedmetabolomicsapproach AT chuyingchen antifungalpotentialofcarvacrolagainstipenicilliumdigitatumithroughsup1suphnmrbasedmetabolomicsapproach AT jinyinchen antifungalpotentialofcarvacrolagainstipenicilliumdigitatumithroughsup1suphnmrbasedmetabolomicsapproach |