Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of the Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (GGPPS) Gene Family Reveals Its Importance in Chloroplasts of <i>Brassica oleracea</i> L.
GGPPS (geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase) is a crucial enzyme in the terpene biosynthesis pathway. Terpenoids play essential roles in chlorophyll biosynthesis and the development of cabbage (<i>Brassica oleracea</i> L. var. <i>capitata</i> L.), a major cruciferous vegetab...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Agriculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/8/1615 |
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| author | Longxiang Yan Zhiyuan Fang Na Zhang Limei Yang Yangyong Zhang Mu Zhuang Honghao Lv Jialei Ji Yong Wang |
| author_facet | Longxiang Yan Zhiyuan Fang Na Zhang Limei Yang Yangyong Zhang Mu Zhuang Honghao Lv Jialei Ji Yong Wang |
| author_sort | Longxiang Yan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | GGPPS (geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase) is a crucial enzyme in the terpene biosynthesis pathway. Terpenoids play essential roles in chlorophyll biosynthesis and the development of cabbage (<i>Brassica oleracea</i> L. var. <i>capitata</i> L.), a major cruciferous vegetable worldwide. However, limited information is available regarding <i>B. oleracea</i> GGPPS genes. In this study, we examined 10 <i>BoGGPPS</i> genes from the <i>B. oleracea</i> genome. The subcellular localization prediction suggests that BoGGPPS proteins are mainly expressed in chloroplasts and plastids. Similar <i>BoGGPPS</i> genes exhibited a similar structure and motif. Distribution, collinearity, and Ka/Ks analysis revealed multiple duplication events within the <i>BoGGPPS</i> gene family. Cabbage <i>BoGGPPS</i> may participate in light and hormone responses via analysis of <i>cis</i>-acting elements. Three-dimensional structure analysis demonstrated the abundance of α-helices and random coils among <i>BoGGPPS</i> members, suggesting their important functions. Based on qRT-PCR, we observed notable differences in the transcript levels of <i>BoGGPPS</i> genes between leaves and siliques. <i>Bol028967</i> exhibited significantly higher transcript levels in WT (Wild-type) siliques compared to in <i>Boas1</i> (<i>Brassica oleracea albino silique 1</i>), and subcellular localization analysis confirmed its expression in chloroplasts, implying its essential role in chloroplast synthesis. These findings lay the groundwork for further exploration and in-depth functional analysis of <i>BoGGPPS</i> genes and their relationship with terpenoids in the context of chlorophyll synthesis in <i>B. oleracea</i>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:12:48Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:12:48Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj.art-adb47dbc5917458584771a6c17a220ce2023-11-18T23:52:39ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722023-08-01138161510.3390/agriculture13081615Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of the Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (GGPPS) Gene Family Reveals Its Importance in Chloroplasts of <i>Brassica oleracea</i> L.Longxiang Yan0Zhiyuan Fang1Na Zhang2Limei Yang3Yangyong Zhang4Mu Zhuang5Honghao Lv6Jialei Ji7Yong Wang8Department of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaGGPPS (geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase) is a crucial enzyme in the terpene biosynthesis pathway. Terpenoids play essential roles in chlorophyll biosynthesis and the development of cabbage (<i>Brassica oleracea</i> L. var. <i>capitata</i> L.), a major cruciferous vegetable worldwide. However, limited information is available regarding <i>B. oleracea</i> GGPPS genes. In this study, we examined 10 <i>BoGGPPS</i> genes from the <i>B. oleracea</i> genome. The subcellular localization prediction suggests that BoGGPPS proteins are mainly expressed in chloroplasts and plastids. Similar <i>BoGGPPS</i> genes exhibited a similar structure and motif. Distribution, collinearity, and Ka/Ks analysis revealed multiple duplication events within the <i>BoGGPPS</i> gene family. Cabbage <i>BoGGPPS</i> may participate in light and hormone responses via analysis of <i>cis</i>-acting elements. Three-dimensional structure analysis demonstrated the abundance of α-helices and random coils among <i>BoGGPPS</i> members, suggesting their important functions. Based on qRT-PCR, we observed notable differences in the transcript levels of <i>BoGGPPS</i> genes between leaves and siliques. <i>Bol028967</i> exhibited significantly higher transcript levels in WT (Wild-type) siliques compared to in <i>Boas1</i> (<i>Brassica oleracea albino silique 1</i>), and subcellular localization analysis confirmed its expression in chloroplasts, implying its essential role in chloroplast synthesis. These findings lay the groundwork for further exploration and in-depth functional analysis of <i>BoGGPPS</i> genes and their relationship with terpenoids in the context of chlorophyll synthesis in <i>B. oleracea</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/8/1615<i>Brassica oleracea</i>geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthasegenome-wide analysisqRT-PCRsubcellular localization |
| spellingShingle | Longxiang Yan Zhiyuan Fang Na Zhang Limei Yang Yangyong Zhang Mu Zhuang Honghao Lv Jialei Ji Yong Wang Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of the Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (GGPPS) Gene Family Reveals Its Importance in Chloroplasts of <i>Brassica oleracea</i> L. Agriculture <i>Brassica oleracea</i> geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase genome-wide analysis qRT-PCR subcellular localization |
| title | Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of the Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (GGPPS) Gene Family Reveals Its Importance in Chloroplasts of <i>Brassica oleracea</i> L. |
| title_full | Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of the Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (GGPPS) Gene Family Reveals Its Importance in Chloroplasts of <i>Brassica oleracea</i> L. |
| title_fullStr | Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of the Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (GGPPS) Gene Family Reveals Its Importance in Chloroplasts of <i>Brassica oleracea</i> L. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of the Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (GGPPS) Gene Family Reveals Its Importance in Chloroplasts of <i>Brassica oleracea</i> L. |
| title_short | Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of the Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (GGPPS) Gene Family Reveals Its Importance in Chloroplasts of <i>Brassica oleracea</i> L. |
| title_sort | genome wide identification characterization and expression analysis of the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase ggpps gene family reveals its importance in chloroplasts of i brassica oleracea i l |
| topic | <i>Brassica oleracea</i> geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase genome-wide analysis qRT-PCR subcellular localization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/8/1615 |
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