Properties of Carotenoids in Fish Fitness: A Review
Carotenoids, one of the most common types of natural pigments, can influence the colors of living organisms. More than 750 kinds of carotenoids have been identified. Generally, carotenoids occur in organisms at low levels. However, the total amount of carotenoids in nature has been estimated to be m...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-11-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/18/11/568 |
| _version_ | 1827701920233422848 |
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| author | Toshiki Nakano Geert Wiegertjes |
| author_facet | Toshiki Nakano Geert Wiegertjes |
| author_sort | Toshiki Nakano |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Carotenoids, one of the most common types of natural pigments, can influence the colors of living organisms. More than 750 kinds of carotenoids have been identified. Generally, carotenoids occur in organisms at low levels. However, the total amount of carotenoids in nature has been estimated to be more than 100 million tons. There are two major types of carotenoids: carotene (solely hydrocarbons that contain no oxygen) and xanthophyll (contains oxygen). Carotenoids are lipid-soluble pigments with conjugated double bonds that exhibit robust antioxidant activity. Many carotenoids, particularly astaxanthin (ASX), are known to improve the antioxidative state and immune system, resulting in providing disease resistance, growth performance, survival, and improved egg quality in farmed fish without exhibiting any cytotoxicity or side effects. ASX cooperatively and synergistically interacts with other antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and glutathione located in the lipophilic hydrophobic compartments of fish tissue. Moreover, ASX can modulate gene expression accompanying alterations in signal transduction by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Hence, carotenoids could be used as chemotherapeutic supplements for farmed fish. Carotenoids are regarded as ecologically friendly functional feed additives in the aquaculture industry. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:45:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-adc746ee988f4c549c7f25b1780f5bdb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:45:04Z |
| publishDate | 2020-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-adc746ee988f4c549c7f25b1780f5bdb2023-11-20T21:29:56ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972020-11-01181156810.3390/md18110568Properties of Carotenoids in Fish Fitness: A ReviewToshiki Nakano0Geert Wiegertjes1Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, JapanAquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The NetherlandsCarotenoids, one of the most common types of natural pigments, can influence the colors of living organisms. More than 750 kinds of carotenoids have been identified. Generally, carotenoids occur in organisms at low levels. However, the total amount of carotenoids in nature has been estimated to be more than 100 million tons. There are two major types of carotenoids: carotene (solely hydrocarbons that contain no oxygen) and xanthophyll (contains oxygen). Carotenoids are lipid-soluble pigments with conjugated double bonds that exhibit robust antioxidant activity. Many carotenoids, particularly astaxanthin (ASX), are known to improve the antioxidative state and immune system, resulting in providing disease resistance, growth performance, survival, and improved egg quality in farmed fish without exhibiting any cytotoxicity or side effects. ASX cooperatively and synergistically interacts with other antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and glutathione located in the lipophilic hydrophobic compartments of fish tissue. Moreover, ASX can modulate gene expression accompanying alterations in signal transduction by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Hence, carotenoids could be used as chemotherapeutic supplements for farmed fish. Carotenoids are regarded as ecologically friendly functional feed additives in the aquaculture industry.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/18/11/568carotenoidsastaxanthincanthaxanthinreactive oxygen speciesimmune systemoxidative stress |
| spellingShingle | Toshiki Nakano Geert Wiegertjes Properties of Carotenoids in Fish Fitness: A Review Marine Drugs carotenoids astaxanthin canthaxanthin reactive oxygen species immune system oxidative stress |
| title | Properties of Carotenoids in Fish Fitness: A Review |
| title_full | Properties of Carotenoids in Fish Fitness: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Properties of Carotenoids in Fish Fitness: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Properties of Carotenoids in Fish Fitness: A Review |
| title_short | Properties of Carotenoids in Fish Fitness: A Review |
| title_sort | properties of carotenoids in fish fitness a review |
| topic | carotenoids astaxanthin canthaxanthin reactive oxygen species immune system oxidative stress |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/18/11/568 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT toshikinakano propertiesofcarotenoidsinfishfitnessareview AT geertwiegertjes propertiesofcarotenoidsinfishfitnessareview |