Complete Meniscus Removal Method for Broadband Liquid Characterization in a Semi-Open Coaxial Test Cell
We present a new technique for broadband liquid characterization using a semi-open, vertically oriented test cell that is measured with a calibrated vector network analyzer in three states: the empty one and filled with two different volumes of the liquid under test. Using the measurements, we de-em...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-05-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/9/2092 |
| _version_ | 1811303322495221760 |
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| author | Michał Kalisiak Wojciech Wiatr |
| author_facet | Michał Kalisiak Wojciech Wiatr |
| author_sort | Michał Kalisiak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We present a new technique for broadband liquid characterization using a semi-open, vertically oriented test cell that is measured with a calibrated vector network analyzer in three states: the empty one and filled with two different volumes of the liquid under test. Using the measurements, we de-embed a transfer matrix representing a volume increment of the liquid sample and determine its column height with a novel closed-form formula. Thanks to the de-embedding, the method enables one, for the first time, to completely remove effects caused by a reproducible meniscus forming the top surface of a liquid tested in the cell and determine not only the propagation constant, but also characteristic impedance of the liquid sample, from which its permittivity and permeability are calculated. The results are highly consistent, because all the measurements are performed without disassembling the cell. We validate experimental results of the meniscus removal method by comparing them with reference data and outcomes of the Nicolson−Ross−Weir method. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T07:44:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ae01a99392fc4617a6762af2f7791bd7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T07:44:57Z |
| publishDate | 2019-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-ae01a99392fc4617a6762af2f7791bd72022-12-22T02:55:43ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202019-05-01199209210.3390/s19092092s19092092Complete Meniscus Removal Method for Broadband Liquid Characterization in a Semi-Open Coaxial Test CellMichał Kalisiak0Wojciech Wiatr1Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-665 Warsaw, PolandInstitute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-665 Warsaw, PolandWe present a new technique for broadband liquid characterization using a semi-open, vertically oriented test cell that is measured with a calibrated vector network analyzer in three states: the empty one and filled with two different volumes of the liquid under test. Using the measurements, we de-embed a transfer matrix representing a volume increment of the liquid sample and determine its column height with a novel closed-form formula. Thanks to the de-embedding, the method enables one, for the first time, to completely remove effects caused by a reproducible meniscus forming the top surface of a liquid tested in the cell and determine not only the propagation constant, but also characteristic impedance of the liquid sample, from which its permittivity and permeability are calculated. The results are highly consistent, because all the measurements are performed without disassembling the cell. We validate experimental results of the meniscus removal method by comparing them with reference data and outcomes of the Nicolson−Ross−Weir method.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/9/2092complex permittivitypermeabilitymicrowave measurementsliquidsmeniscusvector network analyzernetwork de-embedding |
| spellingShingle | Michał Kalisiak Wojciech Wiatr Complete Meniscus Removal Method for Broadband Liquid Characterization in a Semi-Open Coaxial Test Cell Sensors complex permittivity permeability microwave measurements liquids meniscus vector network analyzer network de-embedding |
| title | Complete Meniscus Removal Method for Broadband Liquid Characterization in a Semi-Open Coaxial Test Cell |
| title_full | Complete Meniscus Removal Method for Broadband Liquid Characterization in a Semi-Open Coaxial Test Cell |
| title_fullStr | Complete Meniscus Removal Method for Broadband Liquid Characterization in a Semi-Open Coaxial Test Cell |
| title_full_unstemmed | Complete Meniscus Removal Method for Broadband Liquid Characterization in a Semi-Open Coaxial Test Cell |
| title_short | Complete Meniscus Removal Method for Broadband Liquid Characterization in a Semi-Open Coaxial Test Cell |
| title_sort | complete meniscus removal method for broadband liquid characterization in a semi open coaxial test cell |
| topic | complex permittivity permeability microwave measurements liquids meniscus vector network analyzer network de-embedding |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/9/2092 |
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