Effects of iodine status on thyroid volume and goiter in children living in an iodine-replete area
Objective: Adequate iodine intake is essential for growing children, and thyroid volume (Tvol) is considered as an indicator of iodine status. We investigated Tvol and goiter using ultrasonography (US) and their association with iodine status in 228 6-year-old children living in Korea. Methods: Io...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Bioscientifica
2023-12-01
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| Series: | European Thyroid Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://etj.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/etj/12/6/ETJ-23-0219.xml |
| _version_ | 1827577203281362944 |
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| author | Yun Jeong Lee Young Hun Choi Youn-Hee Lim Bung-Nyun Kim Johanna Inhyang Kim Yun-Chul Hong Young Joo Park Choong Ho Shin Sun Wook Cho Young Ah Lee |
| author_facet | Yun Jeong Lee Young Hun Choi Youn-Hee Lim Bung-Nyun Kim Johanna Inhyang Kim Yun-Chul Hong Young Joo Park Choong Ho Shin Sun Wook Cho Young Ah Lee |
| author_sort | Yun Jeong Lee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objective: Adequate iodine intake is essential for growing children, and thyroid volume (Tvol) is considered as an indicator of iodine status. We investigated Tvol and goiter using ultrasonography (US) and their association with iodine status in 228 6-year-old children living in Korea.
Methods: Iodine status was assessed using urine iodine concentration (UIC) and categorized as deficient (<100 μg/L), adequate (100–299 μg/L), mild excess (300–499 μg/L), moderate excess (500–999 μg/L), and severe excess (≥1000 μg/L). Tvol was measured using US, and a goiter on the US (goiter-US) was defined as Tvol greater than 97th percentile value by age- and body surface area (BSA)- specific international references.
Results: The median Tvol was 2.4 mL, larger than the international reference value (1.6 mL). The age- and BSA-specific goiter-US rates were 25.9% (n = 59) and 34.6% (n = 79), respectively. The prevalence of excess iodine was 73.7% (n = 168). As iodine status increased from adequate to severe excess, the goiter-US rate significantly increased (P for trend <0.05). The moderate and severe iodine excess groups showed higher risk of goiter-US (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.1 (95% CI: 1.1–9.2) and aOR = 3.1 (95% CI: 1.2–8.3), respectively; age-specific criteria) than the iodine-adequate group.
Conclusions: Excess iodine was prevalent in Korean children, and their Tvol was higher than the international reference values. Goiter rate was associated with iodine excess, which significantly increased in the moderate and severe iodine excess groups. Further studies are warranted to define optimal iodine intake in children. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T21:23:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ae1e40fb5fd14f0db8e619d4be8f13e4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2235-0802 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T21:23:29Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | Bioscientifica |
| record_format | Article |
| series | European Thyroid Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-ae1e40fb5fd14f0db8e619d4be8f13e42023-12-21T07:54:29ZengBioscientificaEuropean Thyroid Journal2235-08022023-12-0112619https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-23-0219Effects of iodine status on thyroid volume and goiter in children living in an iodine-replete areaYun Jeong Lee0Young Hun Choi1Youn-Hee Lim2Bung-Nyun Kim3Johanna Inhyang Kim4Yun-Chul Hong5Young Joo Park6Choong Ho Shin7Sun Wook Cho8Young Ah Lee9Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, KoreaSection of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea Division of Children and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of KoreaInstitute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea Department of Internal medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea Department of Internal medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea Objective: Adequate iodine intake is essential for growing children, and thyroid volume (Tvol) is considered as an indicator of iodine status. We investigated Tvol and goiter using ultrasonography (US) and their association with iodine status in 228 6-year-old children living in Korea. Methods: Iodine status was assessed using urine iodine concentration (UIC) and categorized as deficient (<100 μg/L), adequate (100–299 μg/L), mild excess (300–499 μg/L), moderate excess (500–999 μg/L), and severe excess (≥1000 μg/L). Tvol was measured using US, and a goiter on the US (goiter-US) was defined as Tvol greater than 97th percentile value by age- and body surface area (BSA)- specific international references. Results: The median Tvol was 2.4 mL, larger than the international reference value (1.6 mL). The age- and BSA-specific goiter-US rates were 25.9% (n = 59) and 34.6% (n = 79), respectively. The prevalence of excess iodine was 73.7% (n = 168). As iodine status increased from adequate to severe excess, the goiter-US rate significantly increased (P for trend <0.05). The moderate and severe iodine excess groups showed higher risk of goiter-US (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.1 (95% CI: 1.1–9.2) and aOR = 3.1 (95% CI: 1.2–8.3), respectively; age-specific criteria) than the iodine-adequate group. Conclusions: Excess iodine was prevalent in Korean children, and their Tvol was higher than the international reference values. Goiter rate was associated with iodine excess, which significantly increased in the moderate and severe iodine excess groups. Further studies are warranted to define optimal iodine intake in children.https://etj.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/etj/12/6/ETJ-23-0219.xmliodinethyroidgoiterrepublic of korea |
| spellingShingle | Yun Jeong Lee Young Hun Choi Youn-Hee Lim Bung-Nyun Kim Johanna Inhyang Kim Yun-Chul Hong Young Joo Park Choong Ho Shin Sun Wook Cho Young Ah Lee Effects of iodine status on thyroid volume and goiter in children living in an iodine-replete area European Thyroid Journal iodine thyroid goiter republic of korea |
| title | Effects of iodine status on thyroid volume and goiter in children living in an iodine-replete area |
| title_full | Effects of iodine status on thyroid volume and goiter in children living in an iodine-replete area |
| title_fullStr | Effects of iodine status on thyroid volume and goiter in children living in an iodine-replete area |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of iodine status on thyroid volume and goiter in children living in an iodine-replete area |
| title_short | Effects of iodine status on thyroid volume and goiter in children living in an iodine-replete area |
| title_sort | effects of iodine status on thyroid volume and goiter in children living in an iodine replete area |
| topic | iodine thyroid goiter republic of korea |
| url | https://etj.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/etj/12/6/ETJ-23-0219.xml |
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