Influence of Menstrual Cycle Length and Age at Menarche on Symptoms, Cognition, Social Cognition, and Metacognition in Patients with First-Episode Psychosis
A protective effect has traditionally been attributed to estrogen in psychotic disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate cumulative lifetime estrogen by assessing the menstrual cycle length, age at menarche, and years of difference between the onset of psychotic symptoms and the age of men...
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4184/2/2/15 |
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| author | Paula Barrau-Sastre Irene Birulés Marina Verdaguer-Rodríguez Raquel López-Carrilero Marta Ferrer-Quintero Helena García-Mieres Luciana Díaz-Cutraro Eva Grasa Esther Pousa Ester Lorente Trinidad Peláez María Luisa Barrigón Isabel Ruiz-Delgado Fermín González-Higueras Jordi Cid Alfonso Gutiérrez-Zotes Daniel Cuadras Judith Usall Regina Vila-Badia Ana Barajas Susana Ochoa on behalf of the Spanish Metacognition Group |
| author_facet | Paula Barrau-Sastre Irene Birulés Marina Verdaguer-Rodríguez Raquel López-Carrilero Marta Ferrer-Quintero Helena García-Mieres Luciana Díaz-Cutraro Eva Grasa Esther Pousa Ester Lorente Trinidad Peláez María Luisa Barrigón Isabel Ruiz-Delgado Fermín González-Higueras Jordi Cid Alfonso Gutiérrez-Zotes Daniel Cuadras Judith Usall Regina Vila-Badia Ana Barajas Susana Ochoa on behalf of the Spanish Metacognition Group |
| author_sort | Paula Barrau-Sastre |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A protective effect has traditionally been attributed to estrogen in psychotic disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate cumulative lifetime estrogen by assessing the menstrual cycle length, age at menarche, and years of difference between the onset of psychotic symptoms and the age of menarche, measuring their effects on symptoms, cognition, social cognition, and metacognition. As it was not possible to directly measure cumulative estrogen levels over the lifetime of a patient, the study sample was composed of 42 women with first-episode psychosis; estrogen levels were inferred by the menstrual cycle length, age at menarche, and years of difference between the onset of psychotic symptoms and menarche. All patients were assessed with a battery of questionnaires using the BDI, PSYRATS, PANSS, STROOP, TAVEC, WSCT, IPSAQ, and BCIS questionnaires. The results related to menstrual cycle length showed a relationship with memory; specifically, shorter cycles with semantic strategies (<i>p</i> = 0.046) and longer cycles with serial strategies in the short term (<i>p</i> = 0.005) as well as in the long term (<i>p</i> = 0.031). The results also showed a relationship with perseverative errors (<i>p</i> = 0.035) and self-certainty (<i>p</i> = 0.049). Only personalized bias (<i>p</i> = 0.030) was found to be significant in relation to the age at menarche. When analyzing the differences in years of difference between the age at menarche and the onset of psychotic symptoms, the results indicated lower scores in women with a smaller difference between both events in memory (short-term (<i>p</i> = 0.050), long-term (<i>p</i> = 0.024), intrusions (<i>p</i> = 0.013), and recognition (<i>p</i> = 0.043)) and non-perseverative errors (<i>p</i> = 0.024). No relationship was found between symptoms and menstrual characteristics. The investigatory outcomes seem to indicate a relationship between estrogen cumulative effects and the memory domain. More in-depth investigations in the field are necessary in order to improve personalized treatment in women with psychosis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:11:37Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:11:37Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
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| series | Women |
| spelling | doaj.art-ae430d2d134048709a8e557b4bf0e5ff2023-11-23T19:31:05ZengMDPI AGWomen2673-41842022-06-012213514610.3390/women2020015Influence of Menstrual Cycle Length and Age at Menarche on Symptoms, Cognition, Social Cognition, and Metacognition in Patients with First-Episode PsychosisPaula Barrau-Sastre0Irene Birulés1Marina Verdaguer-Rodríguez2Raquel López-Carrilero3Marta Ferrer-Quintero4Helena García-Mieres5Luciana Díaz-Cutraro6Eva Grasa7Esther Pousa8Ester Lorente9Trinidad Peláez10María Luisa Barrigón11Isabel Ruiz-Delgado12Fermín González-Higueras13Jordi Cid14Alfonso Gutiérrez-Zotes15Daniel Cuadras16Judith Usall17Regina Vila-Badia18Ana Barajas19Susana Ochoa20on behalf of the Spanish Metacognition GroupEtiopatogènia I Tractament dels Trastorns Mentals Greus (MERITT), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, SpainParc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Doctor Antoni Pujadas 42, 08830 Sant Boi de Llobregat, SpainEtiopatogènia I Tractament dels Trastorns Mentals Greus (MERITT), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, SpainEtiopatogènia I Tractament dels Trastorns Mentals Greus (MERITT), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, SpainEtiopatogènia I Tractament dels Trastorns Mentals Greus (MERITT), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, SpainEtiopatogènia I Tractament dels Trastorns Mentals Greus (MERITT), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, SpainEtiopatogènia I Tractament dels Trastorns Mentals Greus (MERITT), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, SpainInvestigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28029 Madrid, SpainInvestigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28029 Madrid, SpainInvestigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28029 Madrid, SpainParc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Doctor Antoni Pujadas 42, 08830 Sant Boi de Llobregat, SpainDepartamento de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, SpainUnidad de Salud Mental Comunitaria Málaga Norte, UGC Salud Mental Carlos Haya, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, 29014 Málaga, SpainComunidad Terapéutica Jaén Servicio Andaluz de Salud, 23001 Jaén, SpainMental Health & Addiction Research Group, IdiBGi—Institut d’Assistencia Sanitària, 17119 Girona, SpainInvestigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28029 Madrid, SpainStatistical Unit, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, SpainEtiopatogènia I Tractament dels Trastorns Mentals Greus (MERITT), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, SpainEtiopatogènia I Tractament dels Trastorns Mentals Greus (MERITT), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, SpainSerra Húnter Programme, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, SpainEtiopatogènia I Tractament dels Trastorns Mentals Greus (MERITT), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, SpainA protective effect has traditionally been attributed to estrogen in psychotic disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate cumulative lifetime estrogen by assessing the menstrual cycle length, age at menarche, and years of difference between the onset of psychotic symptoms and the age of menarche, measuring their effects on symptoms, cognition, social cognition, and metacognition. As it was not possible to directly measure cumulative estrogen levels over the lifetime of a patient, the study sample was composed of 42 women with first-episode psychosis; estrogen levels were inferred by the menstrual cycle length, age at menarche, and years of difference between the onset of psychotic symptoms and menarche. All patients were assessed with a battery of questionnaires using the BDI, PSYRATS, PANSS, STROOP, TAVEC, WSCT, IPSAQ, and BCIS questionnaires. The results related to menstrual cycle length showed a relationship with memory; specifically, shorter cycles with semantic strategies (<i>p</i> = 0.046) and longer cycles with serial strategies in the short term (<i>p</i> = 0.005) as well as in the long term (<i>p</i> = 0.031). The results also showed a relationship with perseverative errors (<i>p</i> = 0.035) and self-certainty (<i>p</i> = 0.049). Only personalized bias (<i>p</i> = 0.030) was found to be significant in relation to the age at menarche. When analyzing the differences in years of difference between the age at menarche and the onset of psychotic symptoms, the results indicated lower scores in women with a smaller difference between both events in memory (short-term (<i>p</i> = 0.050), long-term (<i>p</i> = 0.024), intrusions (<i>p</i> = 0.013), and recognition (<i>p</i> = 0.043)) and non-perseverative errors (<i>p</i> = 0.024). No relationship was found between symptoms and menstrual characteristics. The investigatory outcomes seem to indicate a relationship between estrogen cumulative effects and the memory domain. More in-depth investigations in the field are necessary in order to improve personalized treatment in women with psychosis.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4184/2/2/15schizophreniafirst psychotic episodehormonal cyclereproductive cycleestrogenmemory |
| spellingShingle | Paula Barrau-Sastre Irene Birulés Marina Verdaguer-Rodríguez Raquel López-Carrilero Marta Ferrer-Quintero Helena García-Mieres Luciana Díaz-Cutraro Eva Grasa Esther Pousa Ester Lorente Trinidad Peláez María Luisa Barrigón Isabel Ruiz-Delgado Fermín González-Higueras Jordi Cid Alfonso Gutiérrez-Zotes Daniel Cuadras Judith Usall Regina Vila-Badia Ana Barajas Susana Ochoa on behalf of the Spanish Metacognition Group Influence of Menstrual Cycle Length and Age at Menarche on Symptoms, Cognition, Social Cognition, and Metacognition in Patients with First-Episode Psychosis Women schizophrenia first psychotic episode hormonal cycle reproductive cycle estrogen memory |
| title | Influence of Menstrual Cycle Length and Age at Menarche on Symptoms, Cognition, Social Cognition, and Metacognition in Patients with First-Episode Psychosis |
| title_full | Influence of Menstrual Cycle Length and Age at Menarche on Symptoms, Cognition, Social Cognition, and Metacognition in Patients with First-Episode Psychosis |
| title_fullStr | Influence of Menstrual Cycle Length and Age at Menarche on Symptoms, Cognition, Social Cognition, and Metacognition in Patients with First-Episode Psychosis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Menstrual Cycle Length and Age at Menarche on Symptoms, Cognition, Social Cognition, and Metacognition in Patients with First-Episode Psychosis |
| title_short | Influence of Menstrual Cycle Length and Age at Menarche on Symptoms, Cognition, Social Cognition, and Metacognition in Patients with First-Episode Psychosis |
| title_sort | influence of menstrual cycle length and age at menarche on symptoms cognition social cognition and metacognition in patients with first episode psychosis |
| topic | schizophrenia first psychotic episode hormonal cycle reproductive cycle estrogen memory |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4184/2/2/15 |
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