Old World and New World Phasmatodea: Phylogenomics Resolve the Evolutionary History of Stick and Leaf Insects
Phasmatodea comprises over 3,000 extant species and stands out as one of the last remaining insect orders for which a robust, higher-level phylogenetic hypothesis is lacking. New research suggests that the extant diversity is the result of a surprisingly recent and rapid radiation that has been diff...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2019-10-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fevo.2019.00345/full |
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| author | Sabrina Simon Harald Letsch Sarah Bank Thomas R. Buckley Thomas R. Buckley Alexander Donath Shanlin Liu Ryuichiro Machida Karen Meusemann Karen Meusemann Karen Meusemann Bernhard Misof Lars Podsiadlowski Xin Zhou Benjamin Wipfler Sven Bradler |
| author_facet | Sabrina Simon Harald Letsch Sarah Bank Thomas R. Buckley Thomas R. Buckley Alexander Donath Shanlin Liu Ryuichiro Machida Karen Meusemann Karen Meusemann Karen Meusemann Bernhard Misof Lars Podsiadlowski Xin Zhou Benjamin Wipfler Sven Bradler |
| author_sort | Sabrina Simon |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Phasmatodea comprises over 3,000 extant species and stands out as one of the last remaining insect orders for which a robust, higher-level phylogenetic hypothesis is lacking. New research suggests that the extant diversity is the result of a surprisingly recent and rapid radiation that has been difficult to resolve with standard Sanger sequence data. In order to resolve the early branching events of stick and leaf insects, we analyzed transcriptomes from 61 species, including 38 Phasmatodea species comprising all major clades and 23 outgroup taxa, including all other Polyneoptera orders. Using a custom-made ortholog set based on reference genomes from four species, we identified on average 2,274 orthologous genes in the sequenced transcriptomes. We generated various sub-alignments and performed maximum-likelihood analyses on several representative datasets to evaluate the effect of missing data and matrix composition on our phylogenetic estimates. Based on our new data, we are able to reliably resolve the deeper nodes between the principal lineages of extant Phasmatodea. Among Euphasmatodea, we provide strong evidence for a basal dichotomy of Aschiphasmatodea and all remaining euphasmatodeans, the Neophasmatodea. Within the latter clade, we recovered a previously unrecognized major New World and Old World lineage, for which we introduce the new names Oriophasmata tax. nov. (“Eastern phasmids”) and Occidophasmata tax. nov. (“Western phasmids”). Occidophasmata comprise Diapheromerinae, Pseudophasmatinae, and Agathemera, whereas all remaining lineages form the Oriophasmata, including Heteropterygidae, Phylliinae, Bacillus, Lonchodidae (Necrosciinae + Lonchodinae), Clitumninae, Cladomorphinae, and Lanceocercata. We furthermore performed a divergence time analysis and reconstructed the historical biogeography for stick and leaf insects. Phasmatodea either originated in Southeast Asia or in the New World. Our results suggest that the extant distribution of Phasmatodea is largely the result of dispersal events in a recently and rapidly diversified insect lineage rather than the result of vicariant processes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T23:55:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ae46198d5ac84386ad639f179b2a0ebb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-701X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T23:55:22Z |
| publishDate | 2019-10-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |
| spelling | doaj.art-ae46198d5ac84386ad639f179b2a0ebb2022-12-22T01:28:37ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution2296-701X2019-10-01710.3389/fevo.2019.00345474186Old World and New World Phasmatodea: Phylogenomics Resolve the Evolutionary History of Stick and Leaf InsectsSabrina Simon0Harald Letsch1Sarah Bank2Thomas R. Buckley3Thomas R. Buckley4Alexander Donath5Shanlin Liu6Ryuichiro Machida7Karen Meusemann8Karen Meusemann9Karen Meusemann10Bernhard Misof11Lars Podsiadlowski12Xin Zhou13Benjamin Wipfler14Sven Bradler15Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, NetherlandsDepartment of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, AustriaDepartment of Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, GermanyNew Zealand Arthropod Collection, Manaaki Whenua–Landcare Research, Auckland, New ZealandSchool of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New ZealandCenter for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, GermanyBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, ChinaSugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, Nagano, JapanCenter for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, GermanyEvolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute for Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany0Australian National Insect Collection, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation National Research Collections Australia, Canberra, ACT, AustraliaCenter for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, GermanyCenter for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, GermanyBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China1Center for Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, GermanyDepartment of Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, GermanyPhasmatodea comprises over 3,000 extant species and stands out as one of the last remaining insect orders for which a robust, higher-level phylogenetic hypothesis is lacking. New research suggests that the extant diversity is the result of a surprisingly recent and rapid radiation that has been difficult to resolve with standard Sanger sequence data. In order to resolve the early branching events of stick and leaf insects, we analyzed transcriptomes from 61 species, including 38 Phasmatodea species comprising all major clades and 23 outgroup taxa, including all other Polyneoptera orders. Using a custom-made ortholog set based on reference genomes from four species, we identified on average 2,274 orthologous genes in the sequenced transcriptomes. We generated various sub-alignments and performed maximum-likelihood analyses on several representative datasets to evaluate the effect of missing data and matrix composition on our phylogenetic estimates. Based on our new data, we are able to reliably resolve the deeper nodes between the principal lineages of extant Phasmatodea. Among Euphasmatodea, we provide strong evidence for a basal dichotomy of Aschiphasmatodea and all remaining euphasmatodeans, the Neophasmatodea. Within the latter clade, we recovered a previously unrecognized major New World and Old World lineage, for which we introduce the new names Oriophasmata tax. nov. (“Eastern phasmids”) and Occidophasmata tax. nov. (“Western phasmids”). Occidophasmata comprise Diapheromerinae, Pseudophasmatinae, and Agathemera, whereas all remaining lineages form the Oriophasmata, including Heteropterygidae, Phylliinae, Bacillus, Lonchodidae (Necrosciinae + Lonchodinae), Clitumninae, Cladomorphinae, and Lanceocercata. We furthermore performed a divergence time analysis and reconstructed the historical biogeography for stick and leaf insects. Phasmatodea either originated in Southeast Asia or in the New World. Our results suggest that the extant distribution of Phasmatodea is largely the result of dispersal events in a recently and rapidly diversified insect lineage rather than the result of vicariant processes.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fevo.2019.00345/fullphasmidstranscriptomeshistorical biogeographyPolyneopteraEuphasmatodea |
| spellingShingle | Sabrina Simon Harald Letsch Sarah Bank Thomas R. Buckley Thomas R. Buckley Alexander Donath Shanlin Liu Ryuichiro Machida Karen Meusemann Karen Meusemann Karen Meusemann Bernhard Misof Lars Podsiadlowski Xin Zhou Benjamin Wipfler Sven Bradler Old World and New World Phasmatodea: Phylogenomics Resolve the Evolutionary History of Stick and Leaf Insects Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution phasmids transcriptomes historical biogeography Polyneoptera Euphasmatodea |
| title | Old World and New World Phasmatodea: Phylogenomics Resolve the Evolutionary History of Stick and Leaf Insects |
| title_full | Old World and New World Phasmatodea: Phylogenomics Resolve the Evolutionary History of Stick and Leaf Insects |
| title_fullStr | Old World and New World Phasmatodea: Phylogenomics Resolve the Evolutionary History of Stick and Leaf Insects |
| title_full_unstemmed | Old World and New World Phasmatodea: Phylogenomics Resolve the Evolutionary History of Stick and Leaf Insects |
| title_short | Old World and New World Phasmatodea: Phylogenomics Resolve the Evolutionary History of Stick and Leaf Insects |
| title_sort | old world and new world phasmatodea phylogenomics resolve the evolutionary history of stick and leaf insects |
| topic | phasmids transcriptomes historical biogeography Polyneoptera Euphasmatodea |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fevo.2019.00345/full |
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