Determination of salt concentration in water using decision trees and electromagnetic waves
Salt water adversely affects human health and plant growth. In parallel with the increasing interest in non-contact determination of salt concentration in water, a novel approach is proposed in this study. In the proposed approach, S parameter measurements, which show the scattering properties of el...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IWA Publishing
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Journal of Water and Health |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://jwh.iwaponline.com/content/20/5/803 |
| _version_ | 1828291954162532352 |
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| author | Ebru Efeoglu Gurkan Tuna |
| author_facet | Ebru Efeoglu Gurkan Tuna |
| author_sort | Ebru Efeoglu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Salt water adversely affects human health and plant growth. In parallel with the increasing interest in non-contact determination of salt concentration in water, a novel approach is proposed in this study. In the proposed approach, S parameter measurements, which show the scattering properties of electromagnetic waves, are used. First, the relationship between salt concentration in water and permittivity values, a distinguishing feature for liquids, is shown. Then, based on the derived correlations from a set of S parameter measurements, it is shown that the salt concentration in water can be predicted. Finally, after exactly determining the relations of permittivity, salt concentration and S parameter, a system that allows non-contact determination of salt concentration is proposed. Since the proposed system makes its prediction using a classifier, decision tree algorithms are employed for this purpose. In order to evaluate the appropriateness and success of the algorithms, a set of classification experiments were held using various water samples with different levels of salt concentration. The results of the classification experiments show that the Hoeffding tree algorithm achieved the best results and is the most suitable decision tree algorithm for determining the salt concentration of liquids. For this reason, the proposed non-contact approach can be used to determine the salt concentration in water reliably and quickly if its hardware and software components can be embedded into a prototype system. HIGHLIGHTS
Showing the relationship between salt concentration in water and permittivity values.;
Predicting salt concentration.;
Proposing a system that allows non-contact determination of salt concentration.; |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T11:00:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ae465b1fce404e72927b2e0ad685f9c3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1477-8920 1996-7829 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T11:00:13Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | IWA Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Water and Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-ae465b1fce404e72927b2e0ad685f9c32022-12-22T02:49:25ZengIWA PublishingJournal of Water and Health1477-89201996-78292022-05-0120580381510.2166/wh.2022.302302Determination of salt concentration in water using decision trees and electromagnetic wavesEbru Efeoglu0Gurkan Tuna1 Department of Software Engineering, Kütahya Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey Department of Computer Technologies, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey Salt water adversely affects human health and plant growth. In parallel with the increasing interest in non-contact determination of salt concentration in water, a novel approach is proposed in this study. In the proposed approach, S parameter measurements, which show the scattering properties of electromagnetic waves, are used. First, the relationship between salt concentration in water and permittivity values, a distinguishing feature for liquids, is shown. Then, based on the derived correlations from a set of S parameter measurements, it is shown that the salt concentration in water can be predicted. Finally, after exactly determining the relations of permittivity, salt concentration and S parameter, a system that allows non-contact determination of salt concentration is proposed. Since the proposed system makes its prediction using a classifier, decision tree algorithms are employed for this purpose. In order to evaluate the appropriateness and success of the algorithms, a set of classification experiments were held using various water samples with different levels of salt concentration. The results of the classification experiments show that the Hoeffding tree algorithm achieved the best results and is the most suitable decision tree algorithm for determining the salt concentration of liquids. For this reason, the proposed non-contact approach can be used to determine the salt concentration in water reliably and quickly if its hardware and software components can be embedded into a prototype system. HIGHLIGHTS Showing the relationship between salt concentration in water and permittivity values.; Predicting salt concentration.; Proposing a system that allows non-contact determination of salt concentration.;http://jwh.iwaponline.com/content/20/5/803accuracydecision treeselectromagnetic waveshoeffding trees parameterssalt concentration |
| spellingShingle | Ebru Efeoglu Gurkan Tuna Determination of salt concentration in water using decision trees and electromagnetic waves Journal of Water and Health accuracy decision trees electromagnetic waves hoeffding tree s parameters salt concentration |
| title | Determination of salt concentration in water using decision trees and electromagnetic waves |
| title_full | Determination of salt concentration in water using decision trees and electromagnetic waves |
| title_fullStr | Determination of salt concentration in water using decision trees and electromagnetic waves |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determination of salt concentration in water using decision trees and electromagnetic waves |
| title_short | Determination of salt concentration in water using decision trees and electromagnetic waves |
| title_sort | determination of salt concentration in water using decision trees and electromagnetic waves |
| topic | accuracy decision trees electromagnetic waves hoeffding tree s parameters salt concentration |
| url | http://jwh.iwaponline.com/content/20/5/803 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ebruefeoglu determinationofsaltconcentrationinwaterusingdecisiontreesandelectromagneticwaves AT gurkantuna determinationofsaltconcentrationinwaterusingdecisiontreesandelectromagneticwaves |