Inhibitory Effect of <i>Nepeta deflersiana</i> on Climax Bacterial Community Isolated from the Oral Plaque of Patients with Periodontal Disease
Background: The red-complex bacteria are one of the most significant complexes found simultaneously in subgingival plaque next to the periodontal pocket. The current antibacterial treatment is not adequate, and multidrug resistance to it is developing. Henceforth, the antibacterial effect of the eth...
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/1/202 |
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| author | Irfan Ahmad Safia Irfan Mohammed Abohashrh Shadma Wahab Shahabe Saquib Abullais Mukhatar Ahmed Javali Nazima Nisar Mohammad Mahtab Alam Saurabh Srivastava Mohd Saleem Gaffar Sarwar Zaman Irshad Ahmad Nasrin Mansuri |
| author_facet | Irfan Ahmad Safia Irfan Mohammed Abohashrh Shadma Wahab Shahabe Saquib Abullais Mukhatar Ahmed Javali Nazima Nisar Mohammad Mahtab Alam Saurabh Srivastava Mohd Saleem Gaffar Sarwar Zaman Irshad Ahmad Nasrin Mansuri |
| author_sort | Irfan Ahmad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: The red-complex bacteria are one of the most significant complexes found simultaneously in subgingival plaque next to the periodontal pocket. The current antibacterial treatment is not adequate, and multidrug resistance to it is developing. Henceforth, the antibacterial effect of the ethanolic extract of <i>Nepeta deflersiana</i> was put to test against red-complex bacteria in patients with chronic periodontitis. Methods: Well diffusion and micro broth dilution procedure by Alamar blue were applied to assess the zone of inhibition (ZOI), the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Anti-virulence efficacies of the plant extract that comprise of adherence and formation of biofilms were examined by the process of adherence and biofilm production assay. Results: The crude extract of <i>Nepeta deflersiana</i> exhibited significant inhibitory outcome against periodontopathic bacteria with noteworthy MIC (0.78–3.12 mg/mL), inhibitory zone (12–20 mm), as well as MBC (3.12–12.50 mg/mL). The <i>N. deflersiana</i> extract inhibited bacterial adhesion ranging from 41% to 52%, 53% to 66%, and 60% to 79% at the given MIC × 0.5, MIC × 1, and MIC × 2 in succession. Substantial suppression was also developed in the biofilm production of the investigated periodontopathic strains following exposure to numerous concentrations of <i>N. deflersianan</i> extract for a period of 24 and 48 h. Conclusion: These outcomes divulge a new concept that <i>N. deflersiana</i> extract can be utilized to manufacture valuable antibacterial compounds to treat chronic and acute periodontitis. This identifies <i>N. deflersiana</i> as an essential natural source for future drug development. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:32:11Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-ae616054cc6e47d88e85b28f2368e9852023-11-21T07:53:45ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-01-0126120210.3390/molecules26010202Inhibitory Effect of <i>Nepeta deflersiana</i> on Climax Bacterial Community Isolated from the Oral Plaque of Patients with Periodontal DiseaseIrfan Ahmad0Safia Irfan1Mohammed Abohashrh2Shadma Wahab3Shahabe Saquib Abullais4Mukhatar Ahmed Javali5Nazima Nisar6Mohammad Mahtab Alam7Saurabh Srivastava8Mohd Saleem9Gaffar Sarwar Zaman10Irshad Ahmad11Nasrin Mansuri12Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, Era College of Pharmacy, Era University, Lucknow 226003, IndiaDepartment of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi ArabiaBackground: The red-complex bacteria are one of the most significant complexes found simultaneously in subgingival plaque next to the periodontal pocket. The current antibacterial treatment is not adequate, and multidrug resistance to it is developing. Henceforth, the antibacterial effect of the ethanolic extract of <i>Nepeta deflersiana</i> was put to test against red-complex bacteria in patients with chronic periodontitis. Methods: Well diffusion and micro broth dilution procedure by Alamar blue were applied to assess the zone of inhibition (ZOI), the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Anti-virulence efficacies of the plant extract that comprise of adherence and formation of biofilms were examined by the process of adherence and biofilm production assay. Results: The crude extract of <i>Nepeta deflersiana</i> exhibited significant inhibitory outcome against periodontopathic bacteria with noteworthy MIC (0.78–3.12 mg/mL), inhibitory zone (12–20 mm), as well as MBC (3.12–12.50 mg/mL). The <i>N. deflersiana</i> extract inhibited bacterial adhesion ranging from 41% to 52%, 53% to 66%, and 60% to 79% at the given MIC × 0.5, MIC × 1, and MIC × 2 in succession. Substantial suppression was also developed in the biofilm production of the investigated periodontopathic strains following exposure to numerous concentrations of <i>N. deflersianan</i> extract for a period of 24 and 48 h. Conclusion: These outcomes divulge a new concept that <i>N. deflersiana</i> extract can be utilized to manufacture valuable antibacterial compounds to treat chronic and acute periodontitis. This identifies <i>N. deflersiana</i> as an essential natural source for future drug development.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/1/202<i>N. deflersiana</i>periodontal diseasered-complex bacteriabiofilmantibacterial activity |
| spellingShingle | Irfan Ahmad Safia Irfan Mohammed Abohashrh Shadma Wahab Shahabe Saquib Abullais Mukhatar Ahmed Javali Nazima Nisar Mohammad Mahtab Alam Saurabh Srivastava Mohd Saleem Gaffar Sarwar Zaman Irshad Ahmad Nasrin Mansuri Inhibitory Effect of <i>Nepeta deflersiana</i> on Climax Bacterial Community Isolated from the Oral Plaque of Patients with Periodontal Disease Molecules <i>N. deflersiana</i> periodontal disease red-complex bacteria biofilm antibacterial activity |
| title | Inhibitory Effect of <i>Nepeta deflersiana</i> on Climax Bacterial Community Isolated from the Oral Plaque of Patients with Periodontal Disease |
| title_full | Inhibitory Effect of <i>Nepeta deflersiana</i> on Climax Bacterial Community Isolated from the Oral Plaque of Patients with Periodontal Disease |
| title_fullStr | Inhibitory Effect of <i>Nepeta deflersiana</i> on Climax Bacterial Community Isolated from the Oral Plaque of Patients with Periodontal Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Inhibitory Effect of <i>Nepeta deflersiana</i> on Climax Bacterial Community Isolated from the Oral Plaque of Patients with Periodontal Disease |
| title_short | Inhibitory Effect of <i>Nepeta deflersiana</i> on Climax Bacterial Community Isolated from the Oral Plaque of Patients with Periodontal Disease |
| title_sort | inhibitory effect of i nepeta deflersiana i on climax bacterial community isolated from the oral plaque of patients with periodontal disease |
| topic | <i>N. deflersiana</i> periodontal disease red-complex bacteria biofilm antibacterial activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/1/202 |
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