Prospective Environmental Impacts of Passenger Cars under Different Energy and Steel Production Scenarios
The potential environmental impacts of producing and using future electric vehicles (EVs) are important given their expected role in mitigating global climate change and local air pollutants. Recently, studies have begun assessing the effect of potential future changes in EVs supply chains on overal...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-11-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/23/6236 |
| _version_ | 1797546622847025152 |
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| author | Michael Samsu Koroma Nils Brown Giuseppe Cardellini Maarten Messagie |
| author_facet | Michael Samsu Koroma Nils Brown Giuseppe Cardellini Maarten Messagie |
| author_sort | Michael Samsu Koroma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The potential environmental impacts of producing and using future electric vehicles (EVs) are important given their expected role in mitigating global climate change and local air pollutants. Recently, studies have begun assessing the effect of potential future changes in EVs supply chains on overall environmental performance. This study contributes by integrating expected changes in future energy, iron, and steel production in the life cycle assessment (LCA) of EVs. In this light, the study examines the impacts of changes in these parameters on producing and charging future EVs. Future battery electric vehicles (BEV) could have a 36–53% lower global warming potential (GWP) compared to current BEV. The change in source of electricity generation accounts for 89% of GWP reductions over the BEV’s life cycle. Thus, it presents the highest GWP reduction potential of 35–48%. The use of hydrogen for direct reduction of iron in steelmaking (HDR-I) is expected to reduce vehicle production GWP by 17% compared to current technology. By accounting for 9% of the life cycle GWP reductions, HDR-I has the second-highest reduction potential (1.3–4.8%). The results also show that the potential for energy efficiency improvement measures for GWP reduction in vehicle and battery manufacture would be more beneficial when applied now than in the distant future (2050), when the CO<sub>2</sub> intensity of the EU electricity is expected to be lower. Interestingly, under the same conditions, the high share of renewable energy in vehicle supply chains contributed to a decrease in all air pollution-related impact categories, but an increase in toxicity-related categories, as well as land use and water consumption. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:32:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ae8976a304514f4abb8a456d425a77dd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:32:19Z |
| publishDate | 2020-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-ae8976a304514f4abb8a456d425a77dd2023-11-20T22:29:41ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732020-11-011323623610.3390/en13236236Prospective Environmental Impacts of Passenger Cars under Different Energy and Steel Production ScenariosMichael Samsu Koroma0Nils Brown1Giuseppe Cardellini2Maarten Messagie3Electrotechnical Engineering and Energy Technology, MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, BelgiumStatistics Sweden, Solna Strandväg 86, SE-171 54 Solna, SwedenElectrotechnical Engineering and Energy Technology, MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, BelgiumElectrotechnical Engineering and Energy Technology, MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, BelgiumThe potential environmental impacts of producing and using future electric vehicles (EVs) are important given their expected role in mitigating global climate change and local air pollutants. Recently, studies have begun assessing the effect of potential future changes in EVs supply chains on overall environmental performance. This study contributes by integrating expected changes in future energy, iron, and steel production in the life cycle assessment (LCA) of EVs. In this light, the study examines the impacts of changes in these parameters on producing and charging future EVs. Future battery electric vehicles (BEV) could have a 36–53% lower global warming potential (GWP) compared to current BEV. The change in source of electricity generation accounts for 89% of GWP reductions over the BEV’s life cycle. Thus, it presents the highest GWP reduction potential of 35–48%. The use of hydrogen for direct reduction of iron in steelmaking (HDR-I) is expected to reduce vehicle production GWP by 17% compared to current technology. By accounting for 9% of the life cycle GWP reductions, HDR-I has the second-highest reduction potential (1.3–4.8%). The results also show that the potential for energy efficiency improvement measures for GWP reduction in vehicle and battery manufacture would be more beneficial when applied now than in the distant future (2050), when the CO<sub>2</sub> intensity of the EU electricity is expected to be lower. Interestingly, under the same conditions, the high share of renewable energy in vehicle supply chains contributed to a decrease in all air pollution-related impact categories, but an increase in toxicity-related categories, as well as land use and water consumption.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/23/6236life cycle assessmentbattery electric vehiclesplug-in electric vehiclesfossil-free steelprospective LCA |
| spellingShingle | Michael Samsu Koroma Nils Brown Giuseppe Cardellini Maarten Messagie Prospective Environmental Impacts of Passenger Cars under Different Energy and Steel Production Scenarios Energies life cycle assessment battery electric vehicles plug-in electric vehicles fossil-free steel prospective LCA |
| title | Prospective Environmental Impacts of Passenger Cars under Different Energy and Steel Production Scenarios |
| title_full | Prospective Environmental Impacts of Passenger Cars under Different Energy and Steel Production Scenarios |
| title_fullStr | Prospective Environmental Impacts of Passenger Cars under Different Energy and Steel Production Scenarios |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prospective Environmental Impacts of Passenger Cars under Different Energy and Steel Production Scenarios |
| title_short | Prospective Environmental Impacts of Passenger Cars under Different Energy and Steel Production Scenarios |
| title_sort | prospective environmental impacts of passenger cars under different energy and steel production scenarios |
| topic | life cycle assessment battery electric vehicles plug-in electric vehicles fossil-free steel prospective LCA |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/23/6236 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT michaelsamsukoroma prospectiveenvironmentalimpactsofpassengercarsunderdifferentenergyandsteelproductionscenarios AT nilsbrown prospectiveenvironmentalimpactsofpassengercarsunderdifferentenergyandsteelproductionscenarios AT giuseppecardellini prospectiveenvironmentalimpactsofpassengercarsunderdifferentenergyandsteelproductionscenarios AT maartenmessagie prospectiveenvironmentalimpactsofpassengercarsunderdifferentenergyandsteelproductionscenarios |