Impact of Mycotoxin Contaminations on Aquatic Organisms: Toxic Effect of Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin B1 Mixture
(1) Background: Multiple contaminations of several mycotoxins have been detected in human and veterinary food and feed worldwide. To date, a number of studies on the combined effects of mycotoxins have been conducted on cell and animal models, but very limited studies have been done on aquatic organ...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/8/518 |
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| author | Davide Di Paola Carmelo Iaria Fabiano Capparucci Alessia Arangia Rosalia Crupi Salvatore Cuzzocrea Nunziacarla Spanò Enrico Gugliandolo Alessio Filippo Peritore |
| author_facet | Davide Di Paola Carmelo Iaria Fabiano Capparucci Alessia Arangia Rosalia Crupi Salvatore Cuzzocrea Nunziacarla Spanò Enrico Gugliandolo Alessio Filippo Peritore |
| author_sort | Davide Di Paola |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | (1) Background: Multiple contaminations of several mycotoxins have been detected in human and veterinary food and feed worldwide. To date, a number of studies on the combined effects of mycotoxins have been conducted on cell and animal models, but very limited studies have been done on aquatic organisms. (2) The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the combined toxic effects of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Fumonisin B1 (FB1) on zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) embryos. (3) Results: Our results showed that the combination of AFB1 and FB1 at nontoxic concentrations exerted a negative effect on the lethal endpoints analyzed, such as survival, hatching, and heart rate. In addition, the mixture of mycotoxins caused an increase in the levels of enzymes and proteins involved in the antioxidant process, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), both in terms of protein levels and gene expression, as well as an increase in the levels of the detoxification enzymes glutathione s-transferases (GST) and cytochromes P450 (CYP450). Furthermore, we showed that the mycotoxin mixture induced an increase in pro-apoptotic proteins such as bax and caspase 3, and at the same time reduced the gene expression of the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 protein. Finally, a significant decrease in thyroid function was observed in terms of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and vitellogenin (VTG) levels. (4) Conclusion: We can say that the mixture of mycotoxins carries a greater risk factor than individual presences. There is a greater need for effective detoxification methods to control and reduce the toxicity of multiple mycotoxins and reduce the toxicity of multiple mycotoxins in feed and throughout the food chain. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:45:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-aeb6102226ed4c13a30d305597042cf6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:45:45Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-aeb6102226ed4c13a30d305597042cf62023-12-03T14:35:17ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512022-07-0114851810.3390/toxins14080518Impact of Mycotoxin Contaminations on Aquatic Organisms: Toxic Effect of Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin B1 MixtureDavide Di Paola0Carmelo Iaria1Fabiano Capparucci2Alessia Arangia3Rosalia Crupi4Salvatore Cuzzocrea5Nunziacarla Spanò6Enrico Gugliandolo7Alessio Filippo Peritore8Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy(1) Background: Multiple contaminations of several mycotoxins have been detected in human and veterinary food and feed worldwide. To date, a number of studies on the combined effects of mycotoxins have been conducted on cell and animal models, but very limited studies have been done on aquatic organisms. (2) The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the combined toxic effects of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Fumonisin B1 (FB1) on zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) embryos. (3) Results: Our results showed that the combination of AFB1 and FB1 at nontoxic concentrations exerted a negative effect on the lethal endpoints analyzed, such as survival, hatching, and heart rate. In addition, the mixture of mycotoxins caused an increase in the levels of enzymes and proteins involved in the antioxidant process, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), both in terms of protein levels and gene expression, as well as an increase in the levels of the detoxification enzymes glutathione s-transferases (GST) and cytochromes P450 (CYP450). Furthermore, we showed that the mycotoxin mixture induced an increase in pro-apoptotic proteins such as bax and caspase 3, and at the same time reduced the gene expression of the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 protein. Finally, a significant decrease in thyroid function was observed in terms of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and vitellogenin (VTG) levels. (4) Conclusion: We can say that the mixture of mycotoxins carries a greater risk factor than individual presences. There is a greater need for effective detoxification methods to control and reduce the toxicity of multiple mycotoxins and reduce the toxicity of multiple mycotoxins in feed and throughout the food chain.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/8/518mycotoxinscombined toxicityoxidative stress |
| spellingShingle | Davide Di Paola Carmelo Iaria Fabiano Capparucci Alessia Arangia Rosalia Crupi Salvatore Cuzzocrea Nunziacarla Spanò Enrico Gugliandolo Alessio Filippo Peritore Impact of Mycotoxin Contaminations on Aquatic Organisms: Toxic Effect of Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin B1 Mixture Toxins mycotoxins combined toxicity oxidative stress |
| title | Impact of Mycotoxin Contaminations on Aquatic Organisms: Toxic Effect of Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin B1 Mixture |
| title_full | Impact of Mycotoxin Contaminations on Aquatic Organisms: Toxic Effect of Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin B1 Mixture |
| title_fullStr | Impact of Mycotoxin Contaminations on Aquatic Organisms: Toxic Effect of Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin B1 Mixture |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of Mycotoxin Contaminations on Aquatic Organisms: Toxic Effect of Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin B1 Mixture |
| title_short | Impact of Mycotoxin Contaminations on Aquatic Organisms: Toxic Effect of Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin B1 Mixture |
| title_sort | impact of mycotoxin contaminations on aquatic organisms toxic effect of aflatoxin b1 and fumonisin b1 mixture |
| topic | mycotoxins combined toxicity oxidative stress |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/8/518 |
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