A Case–Control Study of the Effects of Chimarrão (Ilex paraguariensis) and Coffee on Parkinson's Disease
Introduction: Coffee has been inversely associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) in many studies, and caffeine is the leading candidate to mediate this effect. Mate (Ilex paraguariensis, IP), a caffeinated beverage rich in antioxidants consumed in South America, was also inversely associated wi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Neurology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2021.619535/full |
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| author | Márcio Schneider Medeiros Artur Francisco Schumacher-Schuh Artur Francisco Schumacher-Schuh Vivian Altmann Carlos Roberto de Mello Rieder |
| author_facet | Márcio Schneider Medeiros Artur Francisco Schumacher-Schuh Artur Francisco Schumacher-Schuh Vivian Altmann Carlos Roberto de Mello Rieder |
| author_sort | Márcio Schneider Medeiros |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction: Coffee has been inversely associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) in many studies, and caffeine is the leading candidate to mediate this effect. Mate (Ilex paraguariensis, IP), a caffeinated beverage rich in antioxidants consumed in South America, was also inversely associated with PD in one study from Argentina. Other varieties of IP infusion, such as chimarrão, were never studied in PD. Chimarrão is a common caffeinated beverage consumed in Brazil made with the leaves and stems of IP.Methods: A case–control study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between chimarrão ingestion and PD in southern Brazil. All subjects answered a questionnaire about the frequency of chimarrão and coffee intake. A multiple regression analysis adjusted for age and sex was performed to assess the association between PD and chimarrão consumption.Results: We included 200 PD patients and 200 healthy controls. High consumption of chimarrão was inversely associated with PD (OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.24–0.81, P = 0.008). High consumption of coffee was also inversely associated with PD, as expected. Chimarrão remained associated when adjusted for coffee consumption, smoking history, and age (OR 0.46, 95% CI = 0.25–0.86, P = 0.014). These two exposures showed an additive effect.Conclusion:Chimarrão consumption was inversely associated with PD, even after adjusting for coffee intake, suggesting a possible protective role. IP's effect can be mediated by caffeine and through its antioxidant components. Chimarrão has a lower concentration of caffeine compared with coffee and has numerous substances with antioxidative effects that may be important to PD protection. Further studies are needed to test this hypothesis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-17T00:30:07Z |
| format | Article |
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| issn | 1664-2295 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-17T00:30:07Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Neurology |
| spelling | doaj.art-aeb8d37ebab44bcc9f710e54be2991562022-12-21T22:10:21ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neurology1664-22952021-03-011210.3389/fneur.2021.619535619535A Case–Control Study of the Effects of Chimarrão (Ilex paraguariensis) and Coffee on Parkinson's DiseaseMárcio Schneider Medeiros0Artur Francisco Schumacher-Schuh1Artur Francisco Schumacher-Schuh2Vivian Altmann3Carlos Roberto de Mello Rieder4Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, BrazilServiço de Neurologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, BrazilDepartamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, BrazilDepartamento de Neurologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, BrazilDepartamento de Neurologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, BrazilIntroduction: Coffee has been inversely associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) in many studies, and caffeine is the leading candidate to mediate this effect. Mate (Ilex paraguariensis, IP), a caffeinated beverage rich in antioxidants consumed in South America, was also inversely associated with PD in one study from Argentina. Other varieties of IP infusion, such as chimarrão, were never studied in PD. Chimarrão is a common caffeinated beverage consumed in Brazil made with the leaves and stems of IP.Methods: A case–control study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between chimarrão ingestion and PD in southern Brazil. All subjects answered a questionnaire about the frequency of chimarrão and coffee intake. A multiple regression analysis adjusted for age and sex was performed to assess the association between PD and chimarrão consumption.Results: We included 200 PD patients and 200 healthy controls. High consumption of chimarrão was inversely associated with PD (OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.24–0.81, P = 0.008). High consumption of coffee was also inversely associated with PD, as expected. Chimarrão remained associated when adjusted for coffee consumption, smoking history, and age (OR 0.46, 95% CI = 0.25–0.86, P = 0.014). These two exposures showed an additive effect.Conclusion:Chimarrão consumption was inversely associated with PD, even after adjusting for coffee intake, suggesting a possible protective role. IP's effect can be mediated by caffeine and through its antioxidant components. Chimarrão has a lower concentration of caffeine compared with coffee and has numerous substances with antioxidative effects that may be important to PD protection. Further studies are needed to test this hypothesis.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2021.619535/fullIlex paraguariensisParkinson's diseasecoffeecaffeinerisk factor |
| spellingShingle | Márcio Schneider Medeiros Artur Francisco Schumacher-Schuh Artur Francisco Schumacher-Schuh Vivian Altmann Carlos Roberto de Mello Rieder A Case–Control Study of the Effects of Chimarrão (Ilex paraguariensis) and Coffee on Parkinson's Disease Frontiers in Neurology Ilex paraguariensis Parkinson's disease coffee caffeine risk factor |
| title | A Case–Control Study of the Effects of Chimarrão (Ilex paraguariensis) and Coffee on Parkinson's Disease |
| title_full | A Case–Control Study of the Effects of Chimarrão (Ilex paraguariensis) and Coffee on Parkinson's Disease |
| title_fullStr | A Case–Control Study of the Effects of Chimarrão (Ilex paraguariensis) and Coffee on Parkinson's Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Case–Control Study of the Effects of Chimarrão (Ilex paraguariensis) and Coffee on Parkinson's Disease |
| title_short | A Case–Control Study of the Effects of Chimarrão (Ilex paraguariensis) and Coffee on Parkinson's Disease |
| title_sort | case control study of the effects of chimarrao ilex paraguariensis and coffee on parkinson s disease |
| topic | Ilex paraguariensis Parkinson's disease coffee caffeine risk factor |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2021.619535/full |
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