Blood-Based Biomarkers Are Associated with Different Ischemic Stroke Mechanisms and Enable Rapid Classification between Cardioembolic and Atherosclerosis Etiologies
Stroke is a top leading cause of death, which occurs due to interference in the blood flow of the brain. Ischemic stroke (blockage) accounts for most cases (87%) and is further subtyped into cardioembolic, atherosclerosis, lacunar, other causes, and cryptogenic strokes. The main value of subtyping i...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-10-01
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| Series: | Diagnostics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/10/10/804 |
| _version_ | 1797551501323796480 |
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| author | Dorin Harpaz Raymond C. S. Seet Robert S. Marks Alfred I. Y. Tok |
| author_facet | Dorin Harpaz Raymond C. S. Seet Robert S. Marks Alfred I. Y. Tok |
| author_sort | Dorin Harpaz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Stroke is a top leading cause of death, which occurs due to interference in the blood flow of the brain. Ischemic stroke (blockage) accounts for most cases (87%) and is further subtyped into cardioembolic, atherosclerosis, lacunar, other causes, and cryptogenic strokes. The main value of subtyping ischemic stroke patients is for a better therapeutic decision-making process. The current classification methods are complex and time-consuming (hours to days). Specific blood-based biomarker measurements have promising potential to improve ischemic stroke mechanism classification. Over the past decades, the hypothesis that different blood-based biomarkers are associated with different ischemic stroke mechanisms is increasingly investigated. This review presents the recent studies that investigated blood-based biomarker characteristics differentiation between ischemic stroke mechanisms. Different blood-based biomarkers are specifically discussed (b-type natriuretic peptide, d-dimer, c-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein A), as well as the different cut-off values that may be useful in specific classifications for cardioembolic and atherosclerosis etiologies. Lastly, the structure of a point-of-care biosensor device is presented, as a measuring tool on-site. The information presented in this review will hopefully contribute to the major efforts to improve the care for stroke patients. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:46:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-af07e93e70144a28b0819440bd28d262 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4418 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:46:00Z |
| publishDate | 2020-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Diagnostics |
| spelling | doaj.art-af07e93e70144a28b0819440bd28d2622023-11-20T16:28:36ZengMDPI AGDiagnostics2075-44182020-10-01101080410.3390/diagnostics10100804Blood-Based Biomarkers Are Associated with Different Ischemic Stroke Mechanisms and Enable Rapid Classification between Cardioembolic and Atherosclerosis EtiologiesDorin Harpaz0Raymond C. S. Seet1Robert S. Marks2Alfred I. Y. Tok3School of Material Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technology University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, SingaporeDivision of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, SingaporeDepartment of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, IsraelSchool of Material Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technology University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, SingaporeStroke is a top leading cause of death, which occurs due to interference in the blood flow of the brain. Ischemic stroke (blockage) accounts for most cases (87%) and is further subtyped into cardioembolic, atherosclerosis, lacunar, other causes, and cryptogenic strokes. The main value of subtyping ischemic stroke patients is for a better therapeutic decision-making process. The current classification methods are complex and time-consuming (hours to days). Specific blood-based biomarker measurements have promising potential to improve ischemic stroke mechanism classification. Over the past decades, the hypothesis that different blood-based biomarkers are associated with different ischemic stroke mechanisms is increasingly investigated. This review presents the recent studies that investigated blood-based biomarker characteristics differentiation between ischemic stroke mechanisms. Different blood-based biomarkers are specifically discussed (b-type natriuretic peptide, d-dimer, c-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein A), as well as the different cut-off values that may be useful in specific classifications for cardioembolic and atherosclerosis etiologies. Lastly, the structure of a point-of-care biosensor device is presented, as a measuring tool on-site. The information presented in this review will hopefully contribute to the major efforts to improve the care for stroke patients.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/10/10/804ischemic stroke mechanismsdiagnosticsetiology classificationblood-based biomarkersstatistical analysispoint-of-care biosensors |
| spellingShingle | Dorin Harpaz Raymond C. S. Seet Robert S. Marks Alfred I. Y. Tok Blood-Based Biomarkers Are Associated with Different Ischemic Stroke Mechanisms and Enable Rapid Classification between Cardioembolic and Atherosclerosis Etiologies Diagnostics ischemic stroke mechanisms diagnostics etiology classification blood-based biomarkers statistical analysis point-of-care biosensors |
| title | Blood-Based Biomarkers Are Associated with Different Ischemic Stroke Mechanisms and Enable Rapid Classification between Cardioembolic and Atherosclerosis Etiologies |
| title_full | Blood-Based Biomarkers Are Associated with Different Ischemic Stroke Mechanisms and Enable Rapid Classification between Cardioembolic and Atherosclerosis Etiologies |
| title_fullStr | Blood-Based Biomarkers Are Associated with Different Ischemic Stroke Mechanisms and Enable Rapid Classification between Cardioembolic and Atherosclerosis Etiologies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Blood-Based Biomarkers Are Associated with Different Ischemic Stroke Mechanisms and Enable Rapid Classification between Cardioembolic and Atherosclerosis Etiologies |
| title_short | Blood-Based Biomarkers Are Associated with Different Ischemic Stroke Mechanisms and Enable Rapid Classification between Cardioembolic and Atherosclerosis Etiologies |
| title_sort | blood based biomarkers are associated with different ischemic stroke mechanisms and enable rapid classification between cardioembolic and atherosclerosis etiologies |
| topic | ischemic stroke mechanisms diagnostics etiology classification blood-based biomarkers statistical analysis point-of-care biosensors |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/10/10/804 |
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